1、1语法专题十 非谓语动词考点解析一 动词不定式因不能单独作谓语, 动词不定式与动词的现在分词形式和动词的过去形式合称为非谓语动词, 可以充当谓语以外的所有成分.不定式所作的成分1. 作主语不定式短语作主语时, 往往放在谓语之后, 用 it 作形式主语 . 例如:It is right to give up smoking. 戒烟是对的1. 作宾语动词不定式做宾语时, 如果还带有宾语补足语, 往往把不定式放在宾语补足语之后, 而用 it作形式宾语. 例如:I find it interesting to work with him. 我感觉和他一起工作很有趣.2. 作宾语补足语在 see, he
2、ar, watch, feel, notice, observe, make, let, have, listen to, look at 等词后的补足语中, 不定式不带 to. 但是这些句子如果变成被动结构 , 就必须带 to. 例如:I often hear him sing the songHe is often heard to sing the song我经常听到他唱这首歌.注意: 动词不定式在介词 but, except, besides 后面时, 如果这些介词之前有行为动词 do 的各种形式, 那么, 这些介词后的不定式不带 to, 否则要带 to. 例如:She could d
3、o nothing but cry. 她别无办法只好哭了.What do you like to do besides swim? 除了游泳你还想干什么?I have no choice but to go 我别无选择只好走.3. 作定语(1) 动词不定式作定语时, 往往和其所修饰的名词间为逻辑上的动宾关系; 作定语的动词不定式如果是不及物动词, 动词不定式后面须加相应的介词, 介词由与其搭配的名词来确定. 例如:He is looking for a room to live in.他在找房间住下There is nothing to worry about.这没什么好担心的Please g
4、ive me a knife to cut with.给我把刀子切东西.但是不定式所修饰的名词如果是 time, place 或 way, 不定式后面的介词习惯省去 .例如:He had no money and no place to live.他没有钱也没有地方住(2) 当不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时, 不定式既可以用主动语态也可以用被动语态, 但是其含义有所不同. 比较:2Have you anything to send?你有东西要寄吗?Have you anything to be send? 你有什么要寄的东西吗?4. 作状语动词不定式作状语表示目的, 原因, 结
5、果或条件. 例如:I came here to see you. (目的)我来这里看你.We were very excited to hear the news. (原因)听到这个消息我们很激动.He hurried to the school to find nobody there. (结果)他匆忙来到学校结果发现一个人也没有.To look at him, you would like him. (条件)看到他, 你就会喜欢他.注意: 不定式还可以在作表语用的形容词后作状语 . 例如:I am glad to hear it. 听到这个, 我很高兴The question is dif
6、ficult to answer.这个问题很难回答.疑问词+不定式不定式和疑问词 who, which, when, where, how, what 等连用, 在句中起名词作用, 可充当主语, 表语, 宾语等. 例如:He didnt know what to say. (宾语)他不知道说什么好.注意: 在与 why 连用时 , 只用在 why 或 why not 开头的简短疑问句中 , 后面紧跟的动词不定式不带 to. 例如:Why not have a rest?为什么不休息一会呢?不定式的主动形式与被动形式动词不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式, 多数情况是容易辨别的, 但是有时的确比较复
7、杂, 请注意以下几点:(1) 动词不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时 , 不定式常用主动形式. 例如:Have you got a key to unlock the door?你有打开门的钥匙吗?(2) 不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系, 又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时, 不定式常用主动形式. 例如:I have got a letter to write. (I write a letter.)我有一封信要写.He needs a room to live in. (He lives in a room.)他需要一个房间住着.(3) 不定式作表语形容
8、词的状语, 和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时, 不定式多用主动形式, 这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省略了 for one 或 for people. 例如:He is hard to talk to. (to talk to him)3和他说话很难但如果强调句中的受事者, 也可用不定式的被动式. 例如His handwriting is very difficult to be read.他的书写很难认.(4) 在 “there+be”结构中, 当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时 , 不定式用主动形式, 如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成, 则用被动形式. 例如:There is a lo
9、t of work to do. (=Somebody has to do the work.)There is a lot of work to be done. (=The work has to be done.)二 ing 形式动词的-ing 形式是动词的一种非谓语形式, 由动词原形加-ing 构成, 包括-ing 分词和-ing动名词. 可以在句子中用作主语, 表语, 宾语, 宾语补足语, 状语和定语.作主语1. 一般形式Seeing is believing 眼见为实.Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours. 乘火车到杭州要
10、 16 个小时.2. 通常为了避免句子主语过于冗长, 用 it 作形式主语. 例如:Its nice talking with you 和你谈话很高兴.Its no use arguing with him. 跟他争论没用.3. “There+ be+ no+-ing” 结构, 此结构的意义相当于”Its impossible+不定式. 例如:There is no harm in doing so. 这样做没有害处作表语动词的-ing 可用来作标语. 例如 :This food smells inviting. 这种食物香味怡人.My Favorite sport is swimming.
11、我最喜欢的运动是游泳.Their job is cleaning the window. 他们的工作是打扫窗子.注意: 不定式同样可以作句子的主语和表语, 所表达的意义也非常接近, 但两者也有一定的区别: 一般说来 , 动词-ing 多表示一般行为和状态, 而不定式则强调具体某次动作以及将来要发生的动作.作宾语1. 动词的-ing 形式可以用作动词 , 短语动词和介词的宾语. 例如:I warned her against driving fast.Jim dislikes eating chocolate.2. 有些动词和动词短语后接动词的-ing 形式作宾语, 常见的这类词有 admit,
12、 acknowledge, advise, appreciate, avoid, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, escape, fancy, finish, forgive, face, endure, involve, give up, imagine, mind, miss, pardon, practice, require, resent, 4resist, suggest, recall, resist, understand 等. 例如:The doctor advised taking more exercise. 医生建议多锻炼.I
13、suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用不同的方法做这件事.3. 大部分 “动词+介词”的短语动词, 只能后接动词-ing 形式作宾语. 这些动词短语有think of, give up, aim at, put off, insist on, persist in, be good at, do well in, cant help, keep on, leave off, feel like, be tired (afraid, capable, fond) of, set about 等.以下以 to 作介词的短语有 be used to, ob
14、ject to, devote oneself to, stick to, respond to, look forward to, see to, submit to, adapt to, apply to, accede to, get to, prefer to, adjust to, owe to, react to 等. 例如:Do you feel like having a drink? 你想喝点饮料吗?I prefer swimming to playing basketball. 我喜欢游泳胜于打篮球.4. 有些动词既可能带-ing 分词坐宾语 , 也可以带 to 不定式作宾
15、语, 但在语意上却有很大的差别.(1). Chance to do 碰巧去做某事; chance doing 冒险试一试做某事.(2). Forget to do 忘记要去做某事; forget doing 忘记曾做过谋事(3). Go on to do 接着又做另一件事; go on doing 继续做同一件事(4). Remember to do 记得要去做某事; remember doing 记得曾做过某事(5). Stop to do 停下来去做某事 ; stop doing 停止做某事(6). Try to do 努力做某事; try doing 试一试做某事(7). Regret
16、to do 对将要做的事表示遗憾 ; regret doing 对做过的事表示遗憾(8). Mean to do 打算/ 想做某事 ; mean doing 意味着/ 意思是做某事5. need, want, require 其后必须用动词 -ing 形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式做宾语, 表示事情需要做. 例如:sth. need/ require/ want doing=to be donesth. be worth doingsth. be worthy of being done= be worthy to be done作宾补这种用法通常用在下列几类动词中, 后接宾语然后加上-in
17、g 分词, 构成复合宾语结构, -ing分词充当宾补成分.1. 表示感觉和心理状态的动词, 如 see, hear, feel, find, smell, watch, find, listen to, look at, notice, observe 等.There we found him watching TV. 我们发现他在那儿看电视.I heard someone knocking at the door. 我听见有人在敲门.2. 在有些动词(如 regard, describe, accept, think of, quote 等)之后, 可由 as 引出-ing 分词词组做宾补.
18、They regarded the contract as being invalid. 他们认为合同无效.They described the child as being very clever. 5他们描述这个孩子非常聪明.3. 使役动词, 如 set, keep, have, get, leave, catch 等. 例如 : Can you get my watch going again? 你能使我的表再走起来吗? This sets me thinking 这使我思考.作状语-ing 分词作状语表示在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作, 它对谓语动词起修饰和陪衬的作用. 分词作状语
19、可以表示时间, 原因, 条件, 让步, 结果, 方式或伴随情况.Having cleaned the rooms we began to weed the garden.打扫完房间, 我们开始在花园里除草. (时间)Coming into the room, she saw everybody already at their work.进屋以后, 她看到人人都在工作. (时间)Being ill, he couldnt go to school.因为生病, 他不能去上学. (原因 )Having no interest in the topic, he didnt go to the lec
20、ture.由于对这个话题没有兴趣, 他没去参加讲座. (原因)Working diligently, you will certainly succeed.只要刻苦学习, 你会成功的. (条件)Using atomic energy, we can build spaceships.利用原子能, 我们能够建造太空船. (条件)Granting the achievements to be great, there is still something to be desired.(尽管)成绩是巨大的, ( 但)仍有一些要求改进的东西. (让步)My car was caught in a tr
21、affic jam, thus causing the delay.我的车被交通拥挤堵住, 所以延误了. (结果)Traveling by train, we visited a number of cities.我们坐火车访问了好多城市. (方式)Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book.玛丽坐在教室的窗户旁, 正在读一本书. (伴随)作定语分词作定语时和形容词的功能是相似的. -ing 分词可以单独作定语. 例如:a smiling face 笑脸a leading figure 领导人物-ing 分词还能构成合成词作定
22、语, 例如:easy-going man 好说话的人当分词短语作后置定语时, 可以转换成定语从句. 例如:She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai.=She went on board the train, which was leaving for Shanghai.她乘坐了去上海的火车.There are two roads before us, one leading to the beach, the other to the park.=There are two roads before us, one which leads
23、 to the beach, the other to the park.在我们面前有两条路, 一条通向沙滩, 另一条同向公园.注意: 动词-ing 和过去分词的区别 -现在分词表示主动或动作正在进行 , 过去分词表示被动或动作已经完成.6独立成分作状语有些分词短语, 其形式的选择不受上下文的影响, 称作独立成分. 常见的有 generally speaking, frankly speaking, judging from/ by, considering, given 等.三 动词-ed 形式动词的-ed 形式是动词的另一种非限制性形式, 一般由动词加-ed 构成. -ed 形式与-ing
24、 形式句法功能基本相同, 从意义上看, 两者却有差别: 现在分词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系, 过去分词与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系; 现在分词表示一般性或正在进行的动作 , 而过去分词则表示已经完成的动作.1. 过去分词作表语一般用来表示感受或状态 (连系动词+过去分词).We were very interested in the novel she gave us yesterday.我们对她昨天给我们的小说非常感兴趣.可以用作表语的常见过去分词有 delighted, disappointed, upset, astonished, excited, frightened, experien
25、ced, interested, qualified, puzzled, exhausted, satisfied 等.2. 过去分词可以作宾语补足语, 通常用于下列三类动词后:(1).表示感觉和心理状况的动词: think, hear, feel, see, watch 等. 例如:I have never heard this song sung in English.我从来没有听到这首歌用英语唱过.(2).表示使役动词: get, let, make, help 等. 例如:He made it known to everyone that he was right他使每个人都明白他是对
26、的.(3). 表示希望和要求等的动词: wish, want, like order 等. 例如:He wants his composition to be read by every classmate.他想每个同学都读他的作文.3. 过去分词作定语:(1). 分词可以作前置定语, 此时, 分词与名词之间有两种语意关系 : 一种是分词表示主动: 一种是分词表示被动. 例如 :He is a retired worker.他是一个退休工人.This is a newly-developed device.这是一个新开发的工具.(2).过去分词作后置定语时, 其功能相当于一个定语从句. 例如:
27、She likes to drink cold boiled water.她喜欢喝凉开水.4. 过去分词作状语和现在分词作状语一样, 修饰主句的谓语动词, 意义上相当与状语从句,表示时间, 原因, 条件,伴随状况等.(1).表示时间Seen from a distance, the mountain looked like a lion.从远处看, 这条山脉像一头狮子.(2).表示原因Criticized unfairly, she left the office without saying a word.由于受到不公平的指责, 她没说一句话就离开了办公室.(3).表示条件Watered o
28、nce a day, the flower will grow very well.7如果每天浇一次水, 这花会长得很好.(4).表示伴随状况He stood there, fascinated by the singing.他站在那里, 被歌声所吸引.在句子深层结构中, 过去分词短语的逻辑主语就是句子的主语. 如果过去分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致, 过去分词短语的逻辑主语则需要用一个独立结构或者用一个由 with/ without 等引导介词短语表达出来, 这就是我们通常所说的独立主格结构 . 例如:The question settled, they left for home.问
29、题解决了, 他们就回家了.高考示例【例一】2005 全国高考 II“You cant catch me!” Janet shouted, _away.A. run B. running C. to run D. ran 提示: running away 作 shouted 的伴随状语, 由 Janet 发出这一动作.答案: B【例二】2005 天津高考You should understand the traffic rule by now. Youve had it _often enough.A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explain
30、ed提示: have sth. done 意思是主语让别人做某事.答案:D【例三】2005 江西高考The manager, _it clear to us that he didnt agree with us, left the meeting room.A. who has made B. having madeC. made D. making提示: 由两个动作发生的顺序可知, 应该用分词的完成式. 答案:B【例四】2005 湖北高考_from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants anima
31、ls not found in any other country in the world.A. Being separated B. Having separatedC. Having been separated C. To be separated提示:逗号后面的部分是主句, 前面这一部分只能是状语. 作状语的非谓语动词逻辑上的主语应是主句的主语, 即 Australia. “分割开”这一动作发生在很久以前而且与其逻辑主语是被动关系, 故用分词的完成被动式.答案: C【例五】2005 北京高考When asked by the police, he said that he remem
32、bered _at the party, but 8not _.A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leavec. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave提示: remember 后加动词不定式表示动作还没发生, 意为 “记着做某事”; 后加动词-ing 形式表示动作已经发生, 意为 “记着做过某事”. 题中两个动作都是过去已经完成的, 所以用-ing 形式.答案:C【例六】2004 辽宁高考I dont know whether you happen _it,but Im going to study in t
33、he USA this September. A. to be heard B. to be hearingC. to hear D. to have heard提示: 根据后半句的内容, “我”将出国学习, 前半句是问对方是否已听说过 “我” 的事情了.答案:D【例七】2004 全国高考 ISarah, hurry up. Im afraid you cant have time to _before the party.A. get changed B. get changeC. get changing D. get to change提示: get changed 换衣服, 此处应该用
34、被动语态. 句意为 “萨拉, 快点, 恐怕去宴会前你没有时间换衣服了”.答案: A【例八】2004 福建高考The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _the film stars had left.A. to tell B. to be toldC. telling D. told提示: 此题考查动词不定式作结果状语. only 后接动词不定式往往在句中表示一种出乎意料的结果. The news reporters 和 tell 是被动关系, 所以用动词不定式的被动关系.答案:B触类旁通1. 2004 北京高考My advisor enc
35、ouraged _a summer course to improve my writing skills.A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take2. (经典回放)You were silly not _your car.A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked3. 2004 上海高考Im going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _?A. to be buy
36、ing B. to buy C. for buying D. bought4. 2005 上海高考It was unbelievable that fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _a look at the sports stars.A. had B. having C. to have D. have95. This company was the first _ portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world.A. producing B. t
37、o produce C. having produced D. produced6. 2005 上海春季高考The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, _it more difficult.A. not making B. not make C. not to make D. not to make7. In Canada, James made quite a few friends _English well, so he could make himself _A. to learn; understood B. learn
38、 ; understandC. learning; understand D. learned; understood8. Missing the train means _for another hour, so I mean _up early tomorrow.A. to wait; getting B. to wait; to getC. waiting; getting D. waiting; to get9. If we dont prevent them from destroying the woods, there will be no trees _the village.
39、A. stay up in or around B. remaining in and aroundC. remained in and around D. left in or around10. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _in the kitchen.A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked11. The careless driver is _for the traffic accident that _yesterday.A. to blame; happened B. t
40、o blame; was happeningC. to be blamed; was happened D. to be blamed; happened12. They found the lecture hard _; they all felt sleepy.A. to be understood B. for understandingC. to understand D. to have been understood13.-Having failed in her final exams, my best friend looks blue.-How about _her to o
41、ur party?A. inviting B. invited C. to invite D. invite14. -Come on, Mary! Whats the matter?-My elder brother. Ive just heard the news of _from that good job.A. his having fired B. his firingC. his having been fired D. his fired15. _in deep thought, Robert almost ran into the car in front of him in t
42、he street.A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose16. -What will be discussed at the meeting tomorrow?-We are going to talk about the plan _at the last meeting.A. discussing B. discussed C. was discussed D. being discussed17. Florence lay in the sofa, daughter enjoying the beautiful music had _ou
43、t of her DVD.A. come B. it come C. it coming D. coming18. Seeing the sun _above the surface of the sea, all of us couldnt help letting out a short of joy.A. to rise B. to raise C. rising D. raising1019. See the museum being built over there? When _, it will be open to the public next year.A. complet
44、ed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed20. All the guests went out of the dining room, _Professor Wang alone at the table.A. to leave B. left C. leaving D. and had left21. With his teachers and classmates _him, Edward is getting on well with his English study.A. help B. to help C. hel
45、ping D. helps22. In the reading-room, we found Winifred _at a desk, with her attention _on a novel.A. sitting; fixed B. sit; fixedC. sitting; to be fixed D. seating; fixed23. The car burns more fuel, but _all things into consideration, its still a good car.A. taken B. having taken C. taking D. take2
46、4. She is shy. She is not used to _in front of others.A. praise B. praising C. being praised D. be praised 25. _such heavy loss, the businessman didnt have the courage to go on.A. Having suffered B. SufferingC. Being suffered D. Suffered26. _from endless homework on weekends, the students now find t
47、heir own activities, such as taking a ride together to watch the sunrise.A. Freed B. Freeing C. To free D. Having freed27. -Why do you look so upset?_There are so many troublesome problems _.A. remaining to settle B. remained to settleC. remaining to be settled D. remained to be settled答案:1.D 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.D 10.B 11.A 12.C13.A 14.C 15.C 16.B 17.D 18.C 19.A 20.C 21.C 22.A 23.C 24.C 25.A 26.A 27.C
