1、语法专题五非谓语动词一、知识精要在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分 ， 起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式 : 不定式 the Infinit ive ，动名词 the Gerund 和分词 t heParticiple 。（一）动词不定式一、不定式的形式一般式 ： to do / to be done不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词 表示的 动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如：I m glad to meet you.He wants to be an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at
2、once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.进行式 ： to be doing不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.完成式： to have done / to have been done不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I m sorry to have lost your key.It is a great honour to have been invited
3、to participate in this celebration .否定式 ： not + (to) do二、 不定式的句法功能动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外，几乎能充当句子中所有的句子成分。1. 不定式做主语：(1) To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. To lose heart means failure.动词不定式 ( 短语 ) 作主语时，常用 it 代替它作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式 ：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failur
4、e to lose heart.不定式和动名词做主语的区别 :动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，在意义上是比较抽象的、一般的 ， 时 间念不强，不是指某一次的动作；不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。 例如：Doing sports is good for people s health.To do too much exercise is not good for him as he has a heart illness.不定式作表语表示主语的具体内容。His wish is to become a scientist.The duty of a postman is to deliv
5、er letters and newspapers.注意：主语部分有实义动词 do 时，表语中可以省略 to 。What he did first was (to) walk up to his friend and hug him.2 ) “ be to do ” 还可以表示不同的情态意义。Children are not to smoke. ( 禁止 )They are to marry next week. ( 安排 )You must be patient and persistent if you are to succeed. ( 愿望 )Man is to live a bett
6、er life in the next century. ( 事态发展或预期的结果 )注意有几个不定式作表语，需用主动表被动：Parents are to blame if their children do not have good manners.The house is to let. 该房屋出租。. 不定式做宾语1) 接不定式做宾语的常见动词：afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, begin, choose, come, dare, decide, demand, desire,determine, expect, fail, happen, he
7、lp, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend,promise, refuse, seem, tend, want, wish注意 : demand/hope 只能接 to do 不能接 sb to do 。2) 一些动词要用疑问词 + 不定式作宾语。常见的动词有： decide, know, learn, wonder, find out, remember, see 等。I dont know how to do it.I havent decided whether to sell it or not.(3)fee
8、l, find, judge, make, think, believe, consider 等动词后如果是不定式作宾语，补语是 形容词（间或是名词） ， 常用 it 作形式宾语，把不定式后移。I thought it a great pity not to have invited her.I find it hard to work with him.4) 在表示 “ 希望、打算 ” 等动词 ( 如 hope, expect, intend, mean, want 等 ) 的过去式后，可 接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。We meant to have stayed there
9、a week. (= We had meant to stay there a week.)5 ) 在介词 but 和 except 后的动词形式：在这种句式中，如介词前有实义动词 do, 后面接不带 to 的不定式；如果是其他动词 , 则接带 to 不定式。On that rainy night I had nothing to do but stay in my car.He didn t say a word but to listen.6 ) 作形容词的宾语 句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。John was happy to be given the job. 句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾
10、语。This problem is easy to solve.She is hard /difficult to get along with.The chair is comfortable to sit on.He is pleasant to work with.即 在 easy, hard, difficult , pleasant , interesting 等形容词后的不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。4 . 不定式作宾语补足语(1)v.+ sb.+ to do常见动词：allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid
11、, force, get, order, permit, persuade,teach, tell, want, warn, wish2) v.+sb./sth.+ to bebelieve, consider, find, feel, imagine, judge, know, prove, think, suppose, understandHe judged her to be a thief.(3) v.+ sb./sth. + do感觉动词和使役动词 与 不带 to 的 不定式 连用 , 但 这种句式在变为被动 语 态时应带 to 。如 see, watch, notice, hea
12、r, make, have, let 等。Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.4) help sb. (to) doI d like to help him ( to ) work out the problem.5 . 不定式作定语1 ) 不定式可以修饰作主语的名词， 相当于一个定语从句，表明动作即将发生。The conference to take place next month will certainly be a great suc
13、cess.(= The conference which will take place )2) 动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰词有如下关系： 动宾关系。I have much to do.I have a question to ask.如果该不定式是不及物动词 ， 其后应有必要的介词。She has a big house to live in .The lonely man has no one to talk to.但： She has no place to live. 主谓关系。此时被修饰词常为： the first, the second, the last
14、, the best, the only thing 等常跟不定式作定语。He is always the first to come.He is the only one to pass the exam. 同位关系。表示被修饰词的具体内容。I lost the opportunity to give my opinion on it.Some children had no chance to go to school. 6. 不定式做状语(1) 表示目的。不定式作目的状语时，其动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，一般放在句子后部 。但如要表示强调，也可以位于句首，前面可加 in orde
15、r, 但不能用 so as 。 其否定式不能用 not + to do, 必须用 in order not + to do 或 so as not to do 。I opened the window to let some fresh air in.I n order to catch the train , t hey took a taxi.Let s hurry so as not to be late for the meeting.注意 ： 在英语中，目的一般用不定式表示，不用 for + doing 这一形式。We eat to live. ( 不用 for doing)(2)
16、作结果状语 。What have I said to make you so angry?不定式表示结果常见于下列句型：The news reporters hurried to the airport, only to be told the film stars had lef t. ( 表示该结果出乎意料 )Would you be so kind as to help me carry the big bag for me?下列形容词是对人进行表扬或批评的，后面常接不定式表示结果 : nice, polite , generous,kind, selfish, silly 等。Y ou
17、 were silly not to have locked your car.He is generous to lend us a large sum of money.（ 3 ）表示原因。常表示引发某种情绪的原因。I m happy to see that.We were surprised to hear the news.（ 4 ） 表明说话人的态度，在句中作独立成分。To tell you the truth, I don t like the way he talked.三、动词不定式的逻辑主语1. 句子的主语就是不定式的逻辑主语。I have much to do.2. 当句子
18、的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语时，需要加上逻辑主语。在 It s + adj. + for sb. to do sth. 结构中，形容词往往表示事物的性质。It is important for us to study English.It is easy for us to get the latest information.在 It s + adj. + of sb. + to do sth . 结构中，形容词通常 表示人 物的性格和特征。It s nice of you to give me so much help. (= You are nice to give me so much
19、help. )四、补充句型1. 主语 + be said/ reported/ believed/thought /considered + to doHe is said to have traveled to many countries.(= ItItItIt is is is is said said said said that that that that he has travelled to many countries.)Th is pop group is believed to be the best of this year.(= ItItItIt is is is i
20、s believed believed believed believed that that that that t h is pop group is the best of this year.)2. There is no need + to doT here is no need to suffer in silence.（二）动名词一、动名词 的 形式一般式 ： doing / being doneMr. Green failed to catch the plane to Mexico, so he escaped being killed in the plane crash.
21、完成式 ： having done / having been doneHaving studied computer is an important qualification for the job.否定式 ： not + 动名词二、动名词 的句法功能动名词具有名词词性， 在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。1. 作主语Shaking one s head means “ no ” and nodding means “ yes ” .动名词作主语，有时也会用 it 作形式主语：It s no use crying over spilt milk.It s no good drinkin
22、g too much alcohol.2. 作表语 My job is teaching.Your task is learning English well.一般，主语与表语可互换。Teaching is my job.Learning English well is your task.3. 作宾语(1) 动词宾语：有些动词后加动词的动名词形式作宾语。常见动词包括：admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay , deny, enjoy, escape, encourage, finish,forbid, imagine,
23、 keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, permit, resist, risk, suggest, understand等 ，其中有些可用 sb./sth. doing 结构。注意 其中 advise, allow, forbid, encourage, permit 可 用不定式 作宾语补足语。We don t allow smoking in the office.We don t allow them to smoke in the office. 主语 +need/want/require doing , 意思是 “ 主语需要被 ”The flow
24、ers want watering. ( = The flowers want to be watered. )Our house needs repairing. ( = Our house needs to be repaired. ) 有些动词后面既可以接 动名词， 也可以接 不定式作宾语 。意义基本相同的 : begin, continue, start, love, like, hate, prefer, stand意义不同的： forget, remember, regret, stop, go on, try, mean, can t help(2) 动词短语的宾语be busy
25、, be worth ， can t help, end up ， feel like, give up 等。(3) 介词短语spend time (in) doing sth , have difficulty / trouble (in) doing sth, have a hard time (in) doingsth注意 : 下列短语中的 to 是介词，而不是动词不定式符号，因此后面要接动词的动名词形 式 。be used to, devote oneself to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, make a contribution
26、to,object to, pay attention to, prefer doing to doing ,stick toMrs. Wang devoted herself to protecting wildlife.I m looking forward to hearing from you.4. 作定语表示被修饰词的用途a walking stick, a washing machine, a waiting room, a dressing mirror三、动名词的逻辑主语1. 当动名词作主语时，其逻辑主语应为所有格形式。Tom s/His coming made me very
27、 excited.2. 当动名词作宾语时，其逻辑主语可为所有格或普通格。Do you mind him/his/Tom s/Tom sitting here?注：当逻辑主语为无生命的东西时，用普通格。Can you imagine a plane dropping down on the roof of a house?（三） 分词一 、现在分词和过去分词的区别现在分词的基本意义 过去分词的基本意义 30 天学不会英语 无效退款 Can you see the star moving in the sky?Do you know the number of people comingto th
28、e party?There is a piano standing in the corner.Is this the book written by Henry?Dressed in white, she suddenly appeared.二、分词的形式1. 现在分词的形式非谓语动词 一般式 进行式 完成式主动 to do to have done动词不定式被动 to be doneto be doingTo have been donedoing Having doneV-ingBeing doing Having been done过去分词 done(1) 现在分词的主动语态：一般式：
29、 现在分词表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。完成式： 现在分词表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。They went to the park, singing and talking.Having done his homework, he played basketball.(2) 现在分词的被动语态：一般式 ：表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作。完成式： 表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important.Having been told many times, the naughty bo
30、y made the same mistake.(3) 否定式： not + 现在分词2. 过去分词的形式：过去分词只有 done 这一种形式， 表示已经完成的动作或所处的状态。Lost in deep thought, he didn t hear the sound.三、 分 词 的句法功能具有形容词和副词词性。因此在句子中可以充当：定语 、 状语 、 表语 、 宾语补足语 。但：现在分词的完成式（即 having done / having been done ）通常作状语。Having been in bed for three days , he was sent to hospit
31、al.She is the girl having amazed me with her talent . ( )1 . 作表语分词作表语相当于形容词现在分词 : 表示主语所具有的特征 ; “ 令人 的 ”过去分词 : 表示主语所处的状态； “ 感到 的 ”The book interests me. ( The book 动作发出者； me 动作承受者 ) The book is interesting.I am interested in the book.2 . 作定语English-speaking countries spoken English当分词动作与被修饰词是主动关系，用现在
32、分词；如果是被动关系，用过去分词。另 外 ，不及物动词的分词形式作定语时，现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示已经 完成的动作 。developing countries fallen leavesdeveloped countries falling stones关于定语的位置，一般是单个分词前置，分词短语后置。the girl smiling at me the man injured by a car注意In order to make others obey her, she always looked at others with a frightening look .Seei
33、ng the snake, she ran away with a frightened look .3. 分词作宾补(1) 感官动词 后的分词宾补这类动词有 see, observe, notice, watch, hear, smell, listen to, look at, find ， feel 等。She smelt something burning .He heard his name called .比较 ： 感官动词后接分词作宾补， 表示 动作正在进行；而若接不带 to 的不定式则表示动作的全过程，且动作已完成 。I noticed a man running out of
34、 the bank when I got off the car.S he felt someone pat her on the head.(2) 使役 、致使 动词 后的分词宾补这类动词有 have, make, catch, get, keep, leave 等They caught him smoking in the kitchen.Don t leave the water running.注意 ： make sb do/ done 不可以说 make sb doingShe still could not make herself understood in English.4.
35、 分词作状语(1) 作时间状语：相当于一个 when/while 引导的从句，或直接与 while/when 等词连用如：Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.(= While/When he worked )When asked for his name, he just kept silent.(= When he was asked )(2) 作原因状语 : 相当于一个 as, because, since 引导的从句，如：Being a League member, he is always helping others.(
36、=Because he is a League member,.)Praised by the neighbors, he became the pride of his parents.(=Because he was praised by the neighbours,.)(3) 作方式或伴随状语 : 可以改写成并列句，如：He walked down the hill, singing to himself.(= He walked down the hill and sang to himself .)(4) 作条件状语 : 相当于一个 if, unless 引导的从句，通常放在句子的
37、前半部分，如：Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. (= I f you play all day,)Given more time, Ill be able to do it better. (=If I am given more time)(5) 作结果状语 : 相当于 so that 引导的从句，这类状语通常放在句子的后半部分，并用逗号同前面的句子成分隔开，常可译为 “ 于是，所以，因而 ” 等，如：H is father died, leaving him a large fortune.Many communit i
38、es have a low literacy rate, making impossible passing out AIDS literatureand expecting people to read it. 许多社区的居民受教育比例低，这使得向他们散发艾滋病资料、希望他们自己阅读材料的做法不切实际。(6) 作让步状语 : 相当于一个 though, although, even if 引导的从句，或直接与 though 连用，如：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.(=Though it rained heavily, . )T
39、hough told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.(= Though he was told of the danger, . )四 、分词的独立主格结构如果分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则分词可以带有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。构成： “ 逻辑主语（名词、代词） + 分词 ”如果分词的逻辑主语是分词动作的执行者，用现在分词；如果分词的逻辑主语是分词动作的承受者，则用过去分词。比较下面一对句子：He is sitting in the corner, his hands covering his fac
40、e.He is sitting in the corner, his face covered by his hands.注意Judging from/by appearance, he seems to be a strong man.Generally speaking, girls are more careful.高中英语非谓语动词十一个重要考点一、考查不定式、现在分词与过去分词的基本区别从时间关系上看，不定式表未来，现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成，同时注意不定式和现在分词的完成式也表完成(尤其是表示有明显的先后关系的完成) ；从主动与被动来看，不定式和现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动，
41、同时注意不定式和现在分词的被动式也表被动(不定式的被动式在表被动的同时还兼表未来，现在分词的被动式表被动的同时还兼表进行)。1. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year. A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 分析：答案选 C。动词不定式表示未来的动作。2. _from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any oth
42、er country in the world. A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. To be separated分析：答案选 C。因为 Australia 与 separate 是被动关系，且 separate 发生在谓语动词 has之前，所以用现在分词的完成被动式作原因状语。二、考查非谓语动词的主动式与被动式结合句子意思，考察非谓语动词与相应逻辑主语的关系，若为主动关系，用主动式；若为被动关系，用被动式。此时要特别注意，过去分词没有相应的被动式，因为它本身可以表示被动。w.w.w.k.s.5
43、.u.c.o.m 1. The repairs cost a lot, but its money well_. A. to spend B. spent C. being spent D. spending分析：答案选 B。因 money 与 spend 是被动关系，所以用过去分词。2. The prize of the game show is30000 and an all expenses _ vacation to China. A. paying B. paid C. to be paid D. being paid 分析：答案选 B。因 all expenses 与 pay 是被
44、动关系，故用过去分词。注意句中的 an 不是修饰 expenses，而是修饰 vacation。3. When _help, one often says, “Thank you.” Or “Its kind of you.”A. offering B. to offer C. to be offered D. offered分析：答案选 D。因一个人说“谢谢”，应当是他被提供了帮助，所以要用过去分词，When offered help =When he is offered help三、考查非谓语动词完成式的用法非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和现在分词 )的完成式主要表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作
45、。做题时要注意根据题干所提供的语境来推断这种先后关系。1. The storm left, _a lot of damage to this area. A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused分析：答案选 D。因 The storm 与 cause 是主动关系，排除选项 A；不定式作状语，前面通常不用逗号，排除 B 和 C；因暴风雨给这个地区“造成损失 ”是在“结束”之前，所以用完成式。2. More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, _
46、advantage of the health and relaxation benefits. w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken分析：答案选 A。因 people 与 take advantage of 是主动关系，排除选项 B 和 D；take 不会发生在谓语 are signing up 之前，不用完成式，排除 C。四、考查非谓语动词用作伴随状语在通常情况下，表伴随情况的应用现在分词。如：1. “You cant catch me!” Janet shouted, _aw
47、ay. A. run B. running C. to run D. ran分析：答案选 B。现在分词作伴随状语。2. He glanced over at her, _ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together. A. noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted分析：答案选 A。因为 he 与 note 是主谓关系，且 note 与谓语动词 glanced 的动作同时发生，所以用现在分词的一般式作伴随状语。3. Daddy didnt mind what we were d
48、oing, as long as we were together, _fun. A. had B. have C. to have D. having分析：答案选 D。用现在分词表伴随情况。说明：有时过去分词也可表伴随(注意过去分词同时还表被动关系) ，但高考很少考查此用法。如：He came in, followed by his wife. 他走了进来，后面跟着他的妻子。五、考查非谓语动词用作目的状语在通常情况下，用作目的状语只能是不定式。如：1. “Can the project be finished as planned?” “Sure, _it completed in time
49、, well work two more hours a day.” A. having got B. to get C. getting D. get分析：答案选 B。作目的状语只能用动词不定式。2. _ more about university courses, call (920) 746-3789. A. To find out B. Finding out C. Find out D. Having found out分析：答案选 A。作目的状语要用动词不定式。3. It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _a look at the sports stars. (2005 上海卷)A. had B. having C. to have D. have分析：答案选 C。 “看看体育明星” 是“在体育馆外等三个小时” 的目的，作目的状语只能用动词不定
