1、1四级阅读长难句分析1. A survey found an overwhelming pessimism about privacy, with 60 percent of respondents saying they feel their privacy is “slipping away, and that bothers me.” (08.6 Passage 2)分析主干：A survey found an (overwhelming) pessimism.句中 with 引导的介词短语作状语，其后带了复合宾语（即宾语 +补语） 。该复合宾语用现在分词 saying 作补语，sayi
2、ng 还带了一个宾语从句 they feel.，而 feel 也带有宾语从句，由 and 连接两个分句 their privacy is slipping away 和 that bothers me 构成。译文：一次调查发现人们对于隐私普遍持悲观态度，60%的受访者说他们觉得隐私正在“离自己远去，而这让我很忧心。 ”2. Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, butregardless of whether it is or isntwe wont do muc
3、h about it. (08.6 Passage 1)分析主干：Global warming may or may not be the crisis. but we wont do much.句子主干是个并列句，由 but 连接的两个分句之间是转折关系。前一个分句用了复合谓语，是肯定形式和否定形式并列的结构，利用了情态动词来省略。后一个分句包含一个复杂介词 regardless of 引导的短语，表示 “不管”，of 后面接一个 whether 引导的宾语从句。译文：全球变暖有可能是 21 世纪巨大的环境危机，也有可能不是，但是无论它是或不是我们都对此无能为力。3. The method
4、relies on measuring how chemical variations in drinking water show up in peoples hair. (09.6 Passage 2)分析主干:The method relies on.本句难点在理解 measuring 的宾语，它就是 how 引导的从句。从句的主干是：how variations. show up.。译文：这种方法的依据是测量饮用水中的化学物质在人的头发中的变化。4. Many African-American blogs have written about what theyd like to se
5、e Michelle bring to the White Housemainly showing the world that a black woman can support her man and raise a strong black family. (09.12 Passage 1)分析主干：Many blogs have written (about.)1.what 引导的从句作介词 about 的宾语。2.该宾语从句用了 see sb. do 的结构。bring(what) to.“给带来什么东西” 是省略 to 的不定式作宾语 Michelle 的补语。3.破折号后的动名词
6、短语作 what 的同位语，也就是 Michelle 带到白宫的东西的内容。2raise a family 中的 family 指“ 孩子”，整个词组的意思是“养家糊口”。译文：很多非裔美国人在他们的博客中写到，他们想看到米歇尔会给白宫带来些什么要主要是向世界展示，一个黑人妇女有能力支持她的丈夫，并操持一个强大的黑人家庭。5. Because few mainstream publications have done in-depth features on regular African-American women, little is known about who we are, wh
7、at we think and what we face on a regular basis. (09.12 Passage 1)分析主干：little is known (about.)1.Because 引导原因状语从句。2.主句中的介词 about 带有三个并列的宾语从句，分别由 who, what 和 what 引导。3.句中的 features 在媒体中指“ 专题介绍、特写报道” 。译文：因为几乎没有主流刊物对一般的非裔美国妇女进行过深入的专题报道，人们几乎不了解我们的性情、我们的思想和我们通常所面临的问题。6. In the heat of battle, players hav
8、e been observed to throw themselves across the court without considering the consequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way. (05.6 Passage 1)分析主干：players have been observed to.不定式 to throw.在句中作主语 players 的补语；这是 observe sb. do sth.结构的被动语态，作宾语补足语的省 to 的不定式在被动语态中成了主语补足语，要把 to 还原。动名词con
9、sidering.作介词 without 的宾语，介词短语 without considering.作 throw 的状语。译文：在比赛的白热化阶段，人们注意到球员从球场的这头狂奔到球场那头，根本就没有考虑到他这样的动作会对阻挡他的其他球员产生什么样的后果。7. According to an article in The Wall Street Journal, some of the more shameless tactics include placing attractive bottles on the table for a visual sell, listing brands
10、 on the menu without prices, and pouring bottled water without even asking the diners if they want it. (06.12 Passage 1)分析主干：some (of.) include placing., listing., and pouring.本句理解的难点在于辨别三个并列的动名词短语，它们都是 include 的宾语。shameless tactics 指“厚颜无耻的促销手段”，visual sell 是“视觉销售”。句末 if 引导的从句是 ask 的宾语：甚至都不问问就餐者是否需要
11、就给他们倒上瓶装水。译文：华尔街日报上的一篇文章说，一些更无耻的销售策略包括把诱人的瓶子放在桌子上作为视觉卖点，把品牌名写在菜单上而不标明价格，或者连问都不问一声消费者就直接把瓶装水倒给顾客。8. Retailers can relieve the headaches by redesigning store layouts, pre-stocking sales items, hiring speedy and experienced cashiers, and having sales representatives on hand to answer questions. 3(08.12
12、 Passage 2)分析主干：Retailers can relieve the headaches (by.)1.介词 by 后面带了 redesigning., pre-stocking., hiring.,和 having.等四个动名词短语作宾语，表示零售商可以采用的缓解让顾客头痛的问题的手段或方式。2.最后一个动名词 having 在句中不是表示“让（某人做某事） ”的使役用法，而是表示“雇请”。后面的不定式短语 to answer questions 作补语。译文：零售商可以采取一些措施来缓解这些让顾客头疼的问题，如改造商店的布局，提前存储货品，雇用手脚麻利有经验的收银员，派出销售
13、代表随时解答顾客的问题。9. Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filing complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. (08.12 Passage 2)分析主干：Customers can also improve experiences (by.)1.介词 by 后面动名词短语 filing.作宾语，表示手段或方式。instead of.短语引导的内容相当于 filing 的转折并列成分。2.注意动
14、词 filing（不是 filling） ，意思是“正式提出”。译文：消费者也可以采取措施改善以后的购物体验。他们可以直接向商家投诉，而不是到处散布自己不愉快的经历。10. Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde Group and Wharton Sc
15、hool. (08.12 Passage 2)分析主干：managers are the last to. and find out.1.conducted 是过去分词作 study 的后置定语。2.不定式 to hear.作后置定语，修饰 the last，一般可以直接理解为“最不可能听到这些投诉的人”。3.when 引导的时间状语从句修饰 find out。该状语从句中，to frequent.作 decide 的宾语。frequent 用作动词，表示“ 经常光顾”。译文：维德集团和沃顿商学院共同开展的一项研究显示，商店经理常常是最后一个听到顾客抱怨的人，而且只有当他们的老顾客开始频频光顾
16、他们的竞争对手的时候他们才会发现顾客对他们的不满。11. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的 ) thought, the thought will die. (07.6 Passage 2)分析主干：the thought will die本句的难点在从句部分。If 引导条件状语从句，从句用了 listen to sb. do sth.结构，省略to 的不定式 correct 作
17、补语；that 5th grade English teacher 用了借喻的修辞手法，指代你心4中的那个“批判性思维 ”。 while 引导的时间状语从句修饰 are listening。译文：如果你在听五年级的英文老师纠正你的语法，而同时你又尽力在捕捉一个稍纵即逝的想法，那么，你的想法就会消失得无影无踪。12. It took me 10 years to get back the confidence I had at 19 and to realize that I didnt want to deal with gender issues. (07.6 Passage 1)分析主干：
18、It took me 10 years to get back. and to realize.句首的 It 是形式主语，真正的主语是 and 并列的两个动词不定式。第一个不定式 to get back 的宾语 the confidence 后有一个定语从句 I had at 19 对它加以修饰。第二个不定式 to realize 带了一个宾语从句，由 that 引导。译文：我花了 10 年的时间才找回了我 19 岁时的自信，才意识到我本不想谈论性别问题。13. Or perhaps someone will casually glance through your credit card p
19、urchases or cell phone bills to find out your shopping preferences or calling habits. (08.6 Passage 2)分析主干：someone will glance.本句是个简单句，谓语动词 glance 后接介词短语 through purchases or bills。不定式短语to find out.在句中作状语，表示“无意中一瞥” 的结果。译文：或者有人会随意翻阅你的信用卡购物单或手机话费单，以此来了解你的购物喜好或通话习惯。14. I have also witnessed a player re
20、acting to his opponents intentional and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play. (05.6 Passage 1)分析主干：I have (also) witnessed a player reactingreacting 在句中是现在分词，作宾语 a player 的补语；by. hitting.是 reacting 的方式状语，hitting 作介词 by 的宾语。as hard a
21、s he could 是比较结构，表示“ 尽力”。译文：还有一次我看到过一个球员在比赛中因为对方的一个有意犯规阻挡，而故意使足了力气把球砸向对方15. Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment (非直接接触) of emailing would make it easier to lie. (06.6 Passage 1)分析主干：Some expected emailers to be t
22、he biggest liars.不定式 to be the biggest liars 在句中作宾语 emailers 的补语。现在分词 reasoning 在句中作伴随状语。that 引导从句作 reasoning 的宾语。该宾语从句又包含一个原因状语从句，由because 引导。5译文：有些心理学家原以为人们在电子邮件中最容易撒谎，理由是：欺骗使人感到不舒服，所以电子邮件这种非直接接触的媒介能让人的谎言更容易说出口。16. Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the young writer acr
23、oss the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts and endings for her tales. (07.12 Passage 2)分析主干：I offered suggestions (for.)句首的 Telling 是现在分词，作状语，表示伴随动作：它带了一个宾语从句，从句的表语 writer 后接了一个作定语的现在分词 guiding.。主句部分的介词 for 带有三个名词作宾语，与 suggestion 连用，表示“对.的建议” 。译文：我对自己说，我只是一个有经验的作家，在指导身边的一位年轻作家。我对她
24、的那些故事中的人物尧冲突及结局提出建议。17. This week Wal-Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organic: it will buy transitional (过渡型的) cotton at higher prices, thus helping to expand the supply of a key sustainable material. (09.6 Passage 1)分析主干：Wal-Mart is set to announce a (m
25、ajor) initiative: it will buy (transitional)cotton.1.本句冒号后的内容是对前文 initiative 的详细阐述，相当于一个同位语从句。2.冒号前的分句中，谓语动词用了 be set to do 结构，过去分词短语 aimed to.是initiatives 的后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。3.冒号后的分句中，结构简单，其中 helping to.是现在分词短语，作谓语动词 buy 的状语，表示目的。译文：本周沃尔玛超市准备出台一项重大举措，目的在于帮助棉农种植有机棉：沃尔玛将以更高的价格收购过渡型的棉花，以此帮助扩大一种重要有机原材料的供应
26、。18. Organized by the New York-based nonprofit Earth Pledge, the show inspired many top designers to work with sustainable fabrics for the first time. (09.6 Passage 1)分析主干：the show inspired designers本句是简单句。过去分词短语 Organized by.在句中作状语，用以补充说明主语的背景信息。谓语部分用了 inspire sb. to do 结构，不定式短语 to work with.是宾语补足语
27、。译文：这次时装秀由总部位于纽约的非盈利组织 Earth Pledge 主办，激发了许多顶尖设计师第一次使用不破坏生态平衡的布料设计时装。19. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the page as the deadline draws near. (07.6 Passage 2)分析主干：you will believe that. and you will end up star
28、ing.本句主句是 and 连接两个分句构成的并列句。前一个分句中，that 引导的从句作6believe 的宾语，该宾语从句中又包含一个由 than 引导的比较状语从句。后一个分句中，谓语部分是 end up doing 结构，staring.作主语补足语。译文：你很有可能会以为这样加工整理素材会让你时间不够用，结果是最后随着交稿日期的逐渐临近，你将只是盯着稿件发呆。20. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be “well“ in this new sense, if they make an effo
29、rt to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations. (06.12 Passage 2)分析主干: people may be “well“主句的主语 people 有一个 who 引导的定语从句修饰。 if 引导条件状语从句，从句中的they can 是省略形式的定语从句（相当于 they can maintain） ，修饰 health。译文：在这种新的意义上来说，甚至有生理疾患或缺陷的人也是“健康的” ，如果他们在面对身体缺陷时尽力去达到可能的最好健康状况的话
30、。21. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so. (07.6 Passage 2)分析主干：they cannot work.While 引导让步状语从句， “尽管” 。从句中的 employ 表示“ 采用”，不定式 to get.作目的状语。work in parallel“并行不悖地起作用”。no matter how 也引导让步状语从句，表示“无论多么”。译文“尽
31、管要完成定稿这两种思维都不可或缺，可是它们却不能并行着参与写作过程-无论我们多么认为原本如此。22. Although some of the more ambitious programs require new investments in servers and networks to support collaborative software, most distance learning courses can run on existing or minimally upgraded ( 升级) systems. (07.12 Passage 1)分析主干：courses can
32、 run (on.)Although 引导让步状语从句。 investment in.表示“在方面的投资” 。不定式 to support. 是宾语 investment 的补足语， “项目需要投资来支持相关软件”（因为）support 的逻辑主语不是 programs 而是 investment，所以该不定式应该是补语，而非目的状语） 。译文：虽然一些规模更大的课程需要斥资增加新的服务器、扩建网络来支持配套的软件，但大部分远程教育课程可以在现有的或稍加升级的系统上运行。23. While the kinds of instruction offered in these programs w
33、ill differ, distance learning usually signifies a course in which the instructors post syllabi (课程大纲), reading assignments, and schedules on Websites, and students send in their assignments by e-mail. (07.12 Passage 1)7分析主干：distance learning signifies a course1.句首 While 引导状语从句，有让步、对比之意。2.in which 引导
34、定语从句修饰 a course，该从句本身是 and 连接两个分句构成的并列结构，两个分句分别讲到有关老师和学生的情况。post. on Websites 结构中，post 含有 3 个宾语。译文：虽然网络课程提供的教学形式会各不相同，但远程学习通常都表现为这样一种课程：教师将课程大纲、阅读作业及课程进度安排在网站上公布，学生通过电子邮件提交作业。24. Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I wo
35、uld instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind. (07.6 Passage 1)分析主干：I would fight.when 引导时间状语从句。本句理解上的难点不在语法结构，而在语言本身所表达的内容。was pushed into.表明作者不是主动参与这类争论的。an argument on.“在方面的争论”。on my behalf “代表我自己，为我自己。 ”译文：有时候，当我与别人争论左脑与右脑的问题，或者是先天天赋与后天培育的问题时，我会马上站在我的立场以及所有女性同胞的立场上给予狠狠的反驳。25. Like
36、most consumers, she finds little time to shop, and when she does, shes on the hunt for “cute stuff that isnt too expensive.“ (09. 6 Passage 1)主干：she finds little time (to shop) and.she on the hunt (for).本句较短，却同时包含了并列结构和主从复合结构。连词 and 连接两个并列的分句。第二个分句带有一个 when 引导的时间状语从句。译文：和大多数消费者一样，她平时很少有时间逛街购物，即便是她有空
37、去逛的时候，也只是淘一淘“ 物美价廉的东西 ”。26. For example, when the board of the University of Colorado searched for a new president, it wanted a leader familiar with the state government, a major source of the universitys budget. (09.12 Passage 2)主干：it wanted a leader.when 引导的时间状语从句。familiar with.是形容词短语，作定语时放在中心词 a
38、leader后面；a major source 是 the state government 的同位语。译文：例如，科罗拉大学校董事会招募新校长时，他们想要和州政府熟识的人，因为州政府是该校主要的经费来源。827. In 2003, when Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard, another former Yale provost, as its vice-chancellor, the university publicly stressed that in her previous job she had overseen (监督
39、) “a major strengthening of Yales financial position.” (09.12 Passage 2)主干：the university stressed that.1. when 引导时间状语从句，修饰谓语动词 stressed, “剑桥任命 Alison 的时候公开强调说.”。有人认为 when 引导定语从句修饰 2003，不妥，因为“ 任命”是瞬间动作动词，而 In 2003是延续性时间。2. that 引导的从句作 stressed 的宾语。oversee 常用人或项目作其宾语，表示“监督、监管”，句中用 a major strengtheni
40、ng 作其宾语。译文：2003 年，当剑桥大学任命耶鲁大学另一名前教务长艾莉森.理查德为副校长时，就公开强调艾莉森在耶鲁任职期间成功地使“耶鲁的财力大大增强” 。28. Another method by which people appear to apologize without actually doing so is to say “Im sorry youre upset“; this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person
41、has done. (06.1 Passage 2)主干：Another method.is to say.; this suggests that.本句是由分号间隔的两个分句构成的并列句。前一分句中，by which 引导定语从句，修饰主语 another method，不定式 to say 作表语，引号里的直接引语作 say 的宾语。后一分句中，that 引导的从句作 suggests 的宾语。译文：另外一种表面上看似乎是在道歉，而实际上并没有道歉的做法是说“你感到委屈，我很抱歉”，这表明，如果因为别人所做的事情而让你自己感到委屈的话，那么你多多少少是有过错的。29. In it (the
42、 communications diary) they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how may lies they told. (06.6 Passage 1)主干：they noted the number., and confessed to how.主句用了两个并列的谓语动词：noted 和 confessed。or 连接两个名词 conversations 和email exchanges 构成
43、并列结构，后面有定语从句 they had 和现在分词短语 lasting more then 10 minutes 修饰。译文：在交流日记中，他们把长达 10 分钟以上的谈话或者电子邮件交流的次数记录下来，并且承认了他们说谎的次数。30. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life. (06.12 Pas
44、sage 2)主干：the concept.can have a (beneficial impact)句首 by 引导的介词短语表示“方法、手段” 。 have a (beneficial impact) on.“对有有益9的影响”。in which 引导定语从句修饰 the ways。译文：通过关注健康的生活方式， “健康” 的历年就能对人们面对日常生活的挑战的方法产生有利的影响。31. In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms “well“ and “wellness“
45、only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health. (06.12 Passage 2)主干：some health specialists have begun to apply.主句部分，不定式 to apply.用作 begun 的宾语。apply.to.表示“ 把应用于”，句中表示“把 well 和 wellness 这样的词只用来指那些人”。who 引导的定语从句修饰 those。译文：然而，近些年来，一些健康专家开始把“健康” 和“健康状况良好”这样的字眼只使用到那些积极努力去保持
46、并改善自身健康状况的人身上。32. The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely “not ill“ and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the bodys special needs. (06.12 Passage 2)主干：The field has not distinguished (between.and.)主句的谓语用了 distinguished between.an
47、d.的结构，and 连接的两个 someone 都用了who 引导的定语从句予以修饰。译文：传统上，医学并没有区分一个仅仅是“没有生病” 的人和一个健康状况很好并且注意自己身体特殊需要的人。这两种类型都被称作“健康” 。33. Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious (有营养的) foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an out
48、standing worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired.(06.12 Passage 2)主干：Imagine a person.主干部分很简短，关键是 a person 后面有 5 个 who 引导的定语从句，使句式变得复杂了。这 5 个 who 引导的从句都有相似的结构：含两个由 b
49、ut 连接的谓语，前后的描述形成鲜明的对比。这样的排比句式，加强了语气，给读者留下深刻印象。译文：想象这么一个人：他体重适中，但是并没有吃到非常有营养的食物；他自我感觉还行，但只是偶尔锻炼一下；他每天都去上班，但却不是一个优秀员工；他大多数晚上在家里喝一点啤酒，但却并不醉酒驾车；他没有胸痛的感觉，血液指数也正常，但却嗜睡，并且经常感到疲倦。1034. As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease-especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise. (06.12 Passage 2)主干：the focus has been shifting1. 句首 As 引导非限制性定语从句，As 指代主句所说的内容，在从句中作 seen 的宾语。2. 主句中破折号后的内容是短语介词 in terms of 引导的介词短语作状语，表示“从方面来说”，changin
