1、1非谓语动词动词不定式、过去分词及 v-ing（现在分词和动名词）形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词不受人称和数的限定，也没有时态和语态，但这些词仍能表示动作和语态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。非谓语动词与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语) 。一. 动词不定式1. 不定式(to do)的句法功能1) 作主语多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作，谓语用单数。To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
2、十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。 To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败。 注:动词不定式短语作主语时，常用 it 作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式： It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。 It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败。 常用句式有：1 It+be+名词+to do It is a pity to lose her. 失去她太遗憾了。2 It takes sb.+s
3、ome time+to do 3 It+be+形容词+（of/for sb） +to do 若形容词是描述不定式行为者的性格、品质的，如kind，good，nice，right，wrong，clever，careless，polite，foolish 等，用 of sb.。 Eg. Its clever of you to work out the maths problem. 若形容词仅仅是描述事物，不是对不定式行为者的品格进行评价，用 for sb.，这类形容词有 difficult，easy，hard，important，dangerous，(im)possible 等。 Eg. Its
4、 very dangerous for children to cross the busy street. 【注意】 2Wh-+不定式可作主语。When to leave hasnt been decided yet.Whether to drive or take the train is still a problem.2) 作表语： 不定式可放在 be 动词后面，构成表语。Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。 He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。 3) 作宾语： 1 充当动词宾语，即动词+ 不定式
5、，如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的。【注意】常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：afford agree aim appear arrange ask bother care choose claim come dare decide demand desire determine elect endeavor(努力) expect fail happen help hesitate hope intend learn long manage mean need seek ten
6、d threaten undertaken venture（冒险） volunteer wait want wishThe driver failed to see the other car in time.I happen to know the answer to your question.2 介词宾语，介词+ 宾语。常用的介词是 but，except 如：I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里，别无选择。 He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干。【
7、注意】 如果介词前有 do 的任何形式，介词后的动词不定式可以省略 to；否则，不能省略。口诀总结：“有 do 无 to， 无 do 有 to”常考句型：can do nothing but do sth. have nothing to do but do sth. have no choice but to do sth. 3口诀特例：（别无选择）只好做某事：can not help but do sth. 和 can not choose but do sth. 3 动词+疑问词 +动词不定式，如： He gave us some advice on how to learn Engli
8、sh. 他给了我们一些学英语的建议。 【注意】不定式作动词（词组）tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out 等的宾语时，前面常加疑问词 how, what, whether, where, when, who 等，但 why 后加不带 to 的不定式。4 形容词+不定式。常见的形容词有 glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure 等。I am determine
9、d to give up smoking.5 “ 某些形容词+不定式”的结构中, 不定式与句子主语有动宾关系时，主动可以表被动意义。( 常用于此结构的形容词有 :difficult, easy, hard, interesting, pleasant, nice, bitter, fit, dangerous, light, heavy, important 等) The sentence is not easy to understand. The street was difficult to find on the map. 6 不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，常把不定式短语放
10、在宾语补足语之后，用 it 作形式宾语。 I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.（it 作形式宾语）4) 作宾语补足语： 动词+ 宾语+ 不定式（to do）He warned me to be careful. I want you to speak to Tom. What makes you think so? （不带 to 的不定式） 【注意】可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词（词组）有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, hel
11、p, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, wait, would like, call on 号召, depend on 等。You are not allowed to smoke here.The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat. 1 常用不定式作主语补足语的句型：sb.be said/ believed/ known/ supposed/ reported/ considered/ fo
12、und/ thought +to do/ to have done/ to be done/ to have been done。4He is said to have gone abroad.(=It is said that he has gone abroad)Heat is considered to be a form of energy.Youre supposed to pay the bill by Friday.2 表见解、看法的动词如：think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, imagine, prove, appoint
13、, judge 等后常用 to be 作宾补/主补。The people considered him to be a great leader.They found the answer to be quite satisfactory.We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 3 There +不定式。 We didnt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。 4 在动词 feel（一感） ，hear, listen to（二听） ，hav
14、e, let, make（三让） ，notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看） （吾看三室两厅一感觉）等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带 to。They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree. 5 help 后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带 to,也可以不带 to。 I often help him (to) clean the room. I helped him (to) find his things. 5) 作定语： 动词不定式
15、作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系： I have a lot of work to do.（动宾关系） He is looking for a room to live in.（动状关系） He is the first person to think of the idea.（主谓关系） He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位关系）【注意】 1 如果作定语的是一个不定式短语，则要保留不定式短语中的副词或介词。 I need a pen to write with. I have a little baby to look after.
16、 52 不定式所修饰的名词如果是 time, place 或 way 时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。He had no money and no place to live (in).3 用不定式作定语的几种情况：不定式表将来；用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词，且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系；有些名词的同根词常跟不定式，因而它们也常跟不定式作定语，常见的有：promise, plan, attempt, offer, decision, refusal, failure, ability, chance, warning, anxiety, eagerness
17、, willingness, readiness（乐意）等。The car to be bought is for his sister.He was the best man to do the job.I dont trust his promise to come for a visit.He promised to come for a visit.He said he had no plans to go there.He didnt plan to go there.6) 作状语：表示目的、结果、原因等，有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语，如 in order to , so as
18、to, such as to, enough to, tooto 等。1 做目的状语，to, only to, in order to, so as to, so (such) as to（如此以便） 。 He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。 He came to the school to see his son. 2 作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。 He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed. He searched the r
19、oom only to find nothing. 3 做原因状语。如：We were very excited to hear the news. 4 做条件状语。如：To turn to the left, you could find a post office. 2. 不定式的时态和语态1) 不定式的时态。1 现在时：有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。 He seems to know this. 6I hope to see you again. 2 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Im sorry to have given you s
20、o much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold. 3 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something. 4 完成进行时：表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去。She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 2) 不定式的语态：当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时，就用被动式。He was seen to enter the hall. He asked to be sent
21、 to work in Tibet. 3. 省 to 的动词不定式1) 情态动词（除 ought 外， ought to） 。 2) Would rather（宁愿）, had better（最好） 。3) 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作宾补，省略to。在被动语态中 to 不能省。4) 使役动词 let, have, make. 5) 由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去。Eg：He wants to move to France and
22、 marry the girl.6) help 可带 to ,也可不带 to, help sb. (to) do sth.7) Why/Why not8) But 和 except 前是动词 do 时，后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式。试比较：He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.9) 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后，可以省去 to be。Eg：He is supposed
23、(to be) nice.7【注意】语法常识小补充：英语中，动词和动词相遇时中间一般都加 to二动名词 1. 动名词的句法功能 1) 作主语：谓语用单数。可用 it 作形式主语，如：Its no good / use doing Its no good waiting here. Playing with fire is dangerous. 2) 作宾语： He is fond of playing basketball. Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 1 作动词宾语Some people do not en
24、joy smoking.2 作介词宾语His illness prevented us from starting.【注意】1 只能接动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语：admit， advise 建议 risk，appreciate，envy 嫉妒，avoid 避免，consider 考虑，delay 延迟，deny 否认，dislike 不喜欢，enjoy，escape 逃避，excuse，finish 完成，forgive 原谅，understand 理解，give up 放弃， imagine 想象，keep 保持， mind 介意、在乎，miss，practise 训练，put off 推
25、迟，resist 抵抗，suggest 建议、暗示，cant help 禁不住，cant stand 无法忍受，devote to 致力于，look forward to 期望、盼望，stick to 坚持，be used to 习惯于，object to 反对，be busy 忙于，feel like 想要 be surprised at 对感到惊讶，be proud of 以为骄傲，succeed in 在某方面成功，be afraid of害怕，give up 放弃。 2 只能接不定式作宾语的动词：happen 碰巧，offer 主动提出，promise 答应，agree 8同意，ref
26、use 拒绝，decide 决定，determine 决定、决心，pretend 假装，fail 未能够，learn，wish 希望，hope，expect，afford 负担得起。 3 接动名词、不定式均可，意义相同的动词：like， love，dislike，hate，begin，star，continue，prefer，cant bear/endure 无法忍受，cease 停止。 4 接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词：Stop to do 停下正在做的事情去做另外一件事 stop doing 停止做forget to do 忘记要做 forget doing 忘记做过 remem
27、ber to do 记得要做 remember doing 记得做过 regret to do 遗憾要做 regret doing 后悔做过 try to do 企图做，尽力做 try doing 试着做 go on to do 继续做（另一件事） go on doing 继续做（同一件事） mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做 5 Need, require, want 作“ 需要”讲，其后用动名词的主动式表被动意义， be worth 也有类似用法。 The flowers need watering/to be watered. The problem is worth discussing. 3) 作表语：Myhobby9iscollectingstamps. Herjob10iswashing, cleaningandtaking
