1、1所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等于再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。 )3. 翻译是一个笼统的概念，可以有不同的角度分成多种类型：首先，就所涉及的语言而言，可以分为语内翻译 (intralingual translation)，指同一语言的各个语言变体之间的翻译；另一种为语际翻译 (interlingual translation)，指不同语言之间的翻译活动。我们常说的翻译，包括我们本教程所谈论的翻译，都是指语际翻译。第二，就其活动方式而言，翻译可分为口译(interpretation) 和笔译(translation)两类。口译一般指口头翻译，其基本方式有两种：一是连
2、续传译(consecutive interpretation)，又称即席翻译；二是同声传译(simultaneous interpretation)。笔译就是笔头翻译，多用于社会科学，科学技术和文学艺术等文献资料的翻译。第三，就翻译材料的文体而言，翻译可分为应用文体，科技文体，论述文体，新闻文体和艺术文体五大类。第四，就处理方式而言，翻译可分为全译，节译，摘译，编译和译述等类。 4. Translation is an art, a bilingual art. Like painting, translation enables us to reproduce the fine though
3、t of somebody, not in colors, but in words, in words of a different language. It is no easy job, not so easy as it is supposed. Do not think that any one who knows a foreign language, say English, can invariably translate and translate well. No, not at all. Many can speak and write English well, but
4、 they cannot translate. And this difficulty is greatly multiplied by the wide difference in vocabulary and sentence construction between the Oriental and Occidental languages. 5. English and Chinese are two entirely different languages. Each has an individual and distinct system. On the one hand, th
5、ere are some similarities between the two languages, as in the word order of subject and predicate and that of transitive verb and object. On the other hand, there are lots of dissimilarities between them both in morphology and in syntax. Because of this, we have to be familiar with both languages,
6、especially with the wide difference in vocabulary, grammatical relations and sentence construction between these two languages.6. Ill see the children home tonight.The stupidity of his behavior was brought home to him.Maternity home costs in America have gone up sharply.Much is produced here for hom
7、e market.He was born in England, but he now looks on Paris as his home.Hes at home with the classics.Is our next football match at home or away? Mrs. Hill is not at home to everyone except relatives.She did not feel at home in such a splendid house.The control level should be turned to its home posi
8、tion in time.The screw on the end cap must be driven home.The plane homed to its carrier under the guide of electronic navigation system.27. 严复:信(faithfulness) 达(expressiveness) 雅(elegance)黄龙：信：忠实于原文内容。达：标准汉语，通俗易懂。雅：译文的美学价值（修辞，文体，韵律，诗意。 ）刘重德:信(faithfulness) 达(expressiveness)切(closeness) 鲁迅 ：“凡是翻译，必须
9、兼顾着两个方面，一是其易解， 二是保存着原作的风姿。 ”傅雷：“神似”similarity in spirit.钱钟书：“化境” sublimationAlexander F. Tytler:A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.A translation should have all the
10、ease of the original work.目前西方最流行的标准：等值：equivalent value等效：equivalent effect功能对等：functional equivalence8. 关于 whenWhen the lady ticket-sell saw me, her otherwise attractive face turned sour, violently so.当女售票员看见我时，她那在其他情况下还挺妩媚的面孔突然变色，变得怒气冲冲。那售货员一见到我， 原本 颇为动人的面孔刷得一沉，变得煞是难看。At Eton the boys stand in a
11、cluster and lift their hats when their names are called.在伊顿，学生们站在一起，当他们的名字被叫到的时候，就举举帽子。在伊顿，学生们站在一起，叫道名字就举举帽子。I had scarcely passed my twelfth birthday when I entered the inhospitable regions of examinations我进入令人头痛的考试区域时，刚过了十二岁生日我刚过了十二岁生日，就步入了令人头痛的考试区域。9. 关于同位语由于他的决定，我给及时地编入了四年级(也即最低年级)的三班(也即最低一班). 由
12、于他的决定，我给及时地编入了四年级三班，也就是最低年级的最低一班。In consequence of his decision, I was in due course placed in the third, or lowest, division of the Fourth, or bottom, Form.10. 关于主语要突出句子的主要信息问题到去年年底，我部已同有关省市签订了 100 余条艘中小船舶的建造合同和协议。By the end of last year, contracts and agreements were signed with some provinces and
13、 cities for the construction of more than 100 medium-and-sized vessels. 我看21 世纪报很吃力，你呢？3My English is not good enough to read English newspaper The 21 Century. What about you?他只要听到几句恭维的话就会得意忘形。A little flattery would get him carried away.你的教学科研都取得了长足的进步，但不能因此而骄傲自满。You have made good progress in teac
14、hing and research, but you should not get conceited and arrogant.11. 关于“关于”关于她的家庭我一无所知As for her family, I knew nothing about it. I knew nothing about her family. 凡是已经发现了的错误，我们都已经采取了或正在采取纠正的步骤。没有发现的，我们就准备纠正。With regard to all the mistakes having been discovered, steps have been or are being taken to
15、 correct them. As for those not yet discovered, they will be corrected as soon as they come to light.We are taking or having taken steps to correct all the mistakes discovered, and we are ready to correct those not yet discovered as soon as they come to light.12. 长主题问题：在这座大城市行路难，乘车难已成为一个突出的社会问题。The
16、great difficulty for the people of the big city to get their destination on foot or by public transport means has become a conspicuous social problem.In this big city people find great trouble in getting to their destinations either on foot or by public transport means, and it / this has become a to
17、p social problem. 中国能不能顶住霸权主义，强权政治的压力，坚持我的社会主义制度，关键就看能不能取得较快的增长速度，实现我们的发展战略。The key to whether China can withstand the pressures of hegemonism and power politics and adhere to the socialist system lies in whether or not we can achieve a relatively high growth rate and realize our development strateg
18、y.If China wants to withstand the pressure of hegemonism and power politics and to uphold the socialist system, it is crucial for us to achieve rapid economic growth and to carry out our development strategy.the Meridian Gate 午门 the Outer Palace 外朝 the Inner Court 内廷 the Golden Water Bridge 金水桥 the
19、Gate of Supreme Harmony 太和门 the Hall of Complete Harmony 中和殿4 the Hall of Preserving Harmony 保和殿 British Association 英国科学促进学会 the Business section 商业区 parklands 公园区 sovereign nations 主权国家 per capital GNP 人均国民生产总值 two way trade 双向贸易 bilateral trade 双边贸易 joint venture 合资企业 labour intensive industries
20、劳动密集型产业 economic growth 经济增长 trading nation 贸易国 the Pacific region 太平洋地区 net income 净收入 international trade and investment 国际贸易和投资 international community 国际社会 foreign exchange dealing 外汇交易 major economy 经济大国 the European Union 欧洲同盟 the World Trade Organization 世界贸易组织 the net import 净进口量 Valentines
21、day 圣瓦伦丁节 the Westminster Abbey 威斯敏斯特教堂Environmental Law 环境保护法contracting states 缔约国Universal Copyright Convention 世界版权公约come into force 生效diplomatic relation 外交关系Let a hundred schools of thought contend 百家争鸣man of letters 文学家the rules of literature 文学规律literary circles 文学界flower language 花言巧语deaf m
22、ute 聋哑人sign language 手语Berlin ：柏林fellow countryman ：同胞Sun Yat sen： 孙中山The Chinese Communist Party group in Berlin：中国共产党在柏林的党组织The Berlin Communist group：柏林共产党支部the Grand Canal：大运河the great Nanjing Bridge：南京长江大桥Aarons rod：亚伦魔杖 Industrial Revolution：工业革命5Navigation：开凿运河cottage industry：家庭手工业 Royal Soc
23、iety: 皇家学会Indian summer: 小阳春/晚秋的晴暖气候Long drive: 长征The Civil War: 内战The Nile Delta: 尼罗河三角洲Cairo: 开罗The Nile Valley: 尼罗河河谷The Aswan High Dam: 阿斯旺高坝summer resort: 避暑胜地Mediterranean climate: 地中海性气候mean temperature: 平均温度the Imperial Palace: 皇宫the Palace Museum: 故宫the Imperial Ancestral Temple: 太庙台湾，香港，澳门
24、保持原有的资本主义制度和生活方式不变 Taiwan, Hong kong and Macao will retain the current capitalist system and way of life for a long time to come台湾当局 the Taiwan authorities跆拳道 tae kwon do太空步 moonwalk太空舱 capsule太空垃圾 space trash太阳浴 sun bath; insolation贪污腐化 corruption and degeneration摊牌 put/lay ones card on the table 谈
25、判的筹码 bargain chip探明储量 verified deposits; verified reserves探亲外交 family-visit diplomacy; relative-visiting diplomacy唐老鸭 Donald Duck唐装 Tang suit陶冶情操 cultivate ones taste特技替身演员 stuntman特洛伊木马 Trojan horse特种债券 special bonds提高劳动者则素质 to enhance workers quality提高农产品收购价格 the governments increase in its procur
26、ement prices (for farm products)提高全民法律素质 people are better educated in law提高社会参与度 to enhance (encourage) mass participation提高意识 raise the awareness / strengthen the awareness体育彩票 sports lotteries天赋人权 natural rights6天时地利人和 good timing, geographical convenience and good human relations; favorable clim
27、atic, geographical and human conditions; favorable objective and subjective factors for success. Transliteration气功 qigong功夫 kong fu 太极 Tai chi 风水 feng shui阴阳 yinyang磕头 kowtow旗袍（长衫） cheongsam馄饨 wonton 豆腐 tofu杂碎 Chop suey 饺子 jiaozi荔枝 litchi乌龙茶 oolong阿迪达斯 ADIDAS桑塔纳 SANTANA 摩托罗拉 MOTORAOLA柯达 KODAK芬必得 FIN
28、BID真维斯 JEANSWEST必胜客 PIZZA HUT. Liberal translation 皮蛋 preserved egg元宵 sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour粽子 a pyramid-shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves探花 title conferred on the one who won third place in the highest imperial examination in the Ming and
29、Qing dynasties拜堂 perform the marriage ceremony华表 an ornamental stone column used to decorate important buildings or public places盲流 jobless migrants from rural areas to cities. Literal translation易经 Book of Changes号脉 feel the pulse京剧 Beijing Opera龙舟 dragon boat 春节 Spring Festival 春卷 spring roll八宝菜 e
30、ight-treasure pickles7纸老虎 paper tiger北大荒 the Great Northern Wilderness灯影牛肉 Shadow Beef希望工程 Hope Project一国两制 one country, two system八宝莲子粥 Eight-Treasure Lotus Seed Porridge文化大革命 Cultural Revolution毛泽东思想 Mao Tse-tung Thought四个现代化 four modernizations. Annotation八卦 eight-part essay (a literary compositi
31、on prescribed for the imperial civil service examinations, known for its rigidity of form and poverty of ideas.)满月酒 One-Month-Old Birthday Feast (a special ceremony held after a baby has been one month old.)西岳 the Western Mountain (another name for Mount Huashan in Shaanxi Province.)铁饭碗 iron rice bo
32、wl (a job that is stable, reliable, and guaranteed for life.)牛郎织女 the Cowherd and the Girl Weaver- two figures in an ancient Chinese fairy tale (Later it also refers to husband and wife who live far apart.)东郭先生 Mr. Dongguo (the foolish, softhearted scholar who narrowly escaped being eaten by a wolf
33、which he had helped to hide from a hunter in a Chinese folk tale. Later, it refers to a native person who gets into trouble through being softhearted to evil people.)西施 Xishi (a famous beauty in the late Spring and Autumn Period)否定句的翻译词汇手段1. 否定词或具否定意义的词：no, not, never, nor, neither; hardly, rarely,
34、seldom, barely, scarcely, narrowly, few, little;prefixes: no-, non-, in-, dis-, un-, im-;suffixes: -less.2. 动词：lack, fail, deny, miss, exclude, run out/short of, keep/stop/refrain/preventfrom, get rid of, want, overlook.3. 名词：absence, exclusion, lack, want, failure, ignorance, denial.4. 形容词：absent, missing, ignorant, gone, free/far/safe from, short of, exclusive of5. 介词：beyond, without, above, except, save, but, in vain.6. 连词：before, unless, other than, or. 句法手段morethan, other than, rather than, would rather than, know better than, tooto, toofor等
