1、商务英语翻译 之 词汇翻译,词义的选择词义的引申词类转换法视角转化法增 减 法重 复 法数字翻译,商务英语翻译 之 句法翻译,否定句式比较句式被动句式定语从句,商务英语翻译 之 文体与语篇,商号与名片 商务广告商务合同翻译商务信函,倒计时 放射性尘埃 家政 东方 食物 液体,countdownfallout economy orientation meat liquor,词义的选择（Choice of Meanings） 随着语言的发展，词义也在变化当中：,扩展为: 十分危急的情况,扩展为:（不良的）后果,转化为: 经济,转化为: 方向,缩小为: 肉类,缩小为: 烈酒,（一）根据汉语的表达习惯
2、确定词义,（二）根据词性确定词义,（三）根据专业来确定词义,（四）根据词的搭配关系和上下文 来确定词义,词义的选择,a low figure,3. The simplest way to succeed in business is to buy low and sell high.,4. The value of the pound has fallen to a new low against the dollar.,生意成功最简单的途径就是贱买贵卖。,小数目,英镑兑换美元的比值已跌到新的（最）低点。,（一）根据汉语的表达习惯确定词义,2. workers on low incomes,低
3、收入工人,We sell cheap quality goods. We have made you an offer at a very competitive price. You will find our prices for these goods very popular.,我们销售物美价廉商品。,我方已按很低的价格向贵方报盘。,贵方将会看出我方此批货物的价格是很便宜的。,（一）根据汉语的表达习惯确定词义,Please make us your lowest quotation for bikes. If you feel interested in our business pr
4、oposal, please send us the samples together with your best terms and conditions. As we have quoted you our rock-bottom price, we cant give you any more discount.,（一）根据汉语的表达习惯确定词义,请报自行车最低价。,如对我方业务建议有兴趣，请寄样品，并告最惠条款。,我方已报最低价，折扣不能再多给了。,（二）根据词性确定词义,1. He gets a 10% commission on everything he sells.,2. P
5、arty B is commissioned by the manufacturers to buy steel plates.,他每卖一件商品得百分之十的佣金。,乙方受制造厂家的委托购买钢板。,1. Those who come early to the sale get first choice.,2. Our products are manufactured from the choice grades of material and will satisfy you in every respect.,我方产品均用上等材料制成，因此，在各方面都会使贵方满意。,这次大贱卖，早到的顾客可
6、优先选购。,（三）根据专业来确定词义,2. Bank interest rates are going to rise this month.,1. The premium rates vary with differed interests insured.,3. His business interests are very extensive.,保险费率因保险标的的不同而有所差异。,银行利率在本月要上调。,他在多家企业中拥有股份。,Due diligence should be done before finalizing any large investment or acquisit
7、ion.,Due diligence 按字面的意思就是“应有的勤奋”，而在企业融资领域里，是指律师、会计师等专业人员以专业身份和知识审核有关资料是否准备齐全的一个过程，业内通常译为“尽职调查”或“审慎调查”。,在确定大笔投资或收购前需要进行尽职调查。,on an arms length basis （法律用语）并非按一般英汉字典上的解释“同对方保持一定距离”，而是引申作“正常、公平的交易”。,交易条款按照公平原则商订。,The terms of the transaction have been negotiated on an arms length basis.,（三）根据专业来确定词义,
8、The company has raised its joint venture equity to 70% to gain management control, which has tripled its initial investment and is now expanding its product range and manufacturing capacity to meet growing demands.,equity 通常指“公正，公平”的意思，而在金融市场上指的是企业资产中所占的股份。initial investment是商贸中常用的术语，通常译为“先期投资”或“预付款
9、”，而不是“一开始的投资”。,公司将其在合资企业的股份增至70%，以获得管理控制权，这使其先期投资增加了两倍，而且现在正在扩大产品范围和生产能力来满足不断增长的需求。,（三）根据专业来确定词义,以一个常见的词为例：account,1. Accounts payable is created when a firm deals with suppliers who extend credit.,2. The company is one of our major accounts, so we should do our best to satisfy their needs.,公司与供货商交易
10、时因其提供赊销而产生应付账款。,那家公司是我们的主要客户之一，因此我们得尽可能满足他们的需求。,（四）根据词的搭配关系和上下文来确定词义,可指“账户、客户、生意往来关系”，复数则可指“账目、会计部门、账款”等，它在不同搭配或上下文中可有不同的含义：,3. The CFO was accused of falsifying the company accounts.,4. She works in accounts.,5. The newly established company opened an account in HSBC.,财务总监被控伪造公司账目。,她在会计部门工作。,这个新成立的
11、公司在汇丰银行开立了账户。,（一）词义的转化,（二）词义的具体化,（三）词义的抽象化,词义的引申（extension）,词义的引申在一个词原始意义的基础上，根据上下文和逻辑关系进一步加以引申，选择适当确切的译语词汇来表达，避免生搬硬套地逐字死译。,1. Every life has its roses and thorns. 2. sleep deficit,每个人的生活都有苦有甜。,睡眠不足,（一）词义的转化,翻译时，如果完全生搬硬套词典给出的字面意义，对号入座，会使译文生硬晦涩，含糊不清，甚至不知所云。因此，有时应根据上下文和原词的字面意义，做适当的转化。,（一）词义的转化,1. Thes
12、e days, the U.S. economy isnt “graduating enough scientists to fill the need of the coming decades,” says Charles C. Leighton, “Thats a real concern.”,2. The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here.,近来，美国在经济发展过程中“未培养出足够的科学家来满足今后几十年发展的需要，”查尔斯C莱顿说，“这才是真正需要关注的问题。” （gr
13、aduate 由“毕业”转化为“培养” 。）,可能影响投资开支的因素并不止这些。 （do not stop here由“不停留在这里”转化为“并不止这些”。 ）,3. Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years service.,Cloud在现代英语里可以表示“使人产生未曾想到的伤心或不愉快”。故本句如此引申。,20世纪70年代石油价格猛涨，给许多发展中国家的经济发展计划投下一抹阴影。,我们的产品如果适当地定期检修，至少可以使用二十年。,4. The huge increas
14、e in oil prices in the 1970s cast a cloud over the development plans of many developing nations.,（二）词义的具体化,词义的具体化把原义抽象笼统的词语，根据译语的表达习惯，引申为意义明确具体的词语。,1. Now that the merger of “dot and com” has created so many young millionaires, theres a new topic: venture capital.,2. All the wit and learning in the
15、economic circle will be present at the seminar.,既然网络公司的兼并造就了如此多的年轻百万富翁，我们面临一个新话题：风险资本。 （一般公司网址都有“dot and com”，所以此处具体引申为“网络公司” 。）,经济界的所有专家学者将出席这次研讨会。 （wit and learning 由抽象的“智慧与学识”引申为具体的“专家学者”。）,（二）词义的具体化,3. There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems, more than transie
16、nt everydayness.,他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。 （ everydayness“平淡无奇”，此处具体引申为“柴米油盐” 。）,4. The Board tried its best to improve the balance sheet of the company.,董事会已尽最大努力改善本公司的整体财务状况。（ balance sheet由抽象名词“资产负债表” 具体引申为“整体财务状况” 。）,（三）词义的抽象化,词义的抽象化将表示具体形象的词作概括性的引申，译成意义抽象的词。现代英语常用表示具体形象的词指代一种属性，一种概念
17、或一个事物，翻译时宜作抽象化处理，使译文更加自然流畅。,1. The interest rates have seesawed between 10 and 15 per cent.,2. Everyone knows that John lost his shirt when the business he had invested failed.,利率一直在 10到15之间不断波动。 （see-saw 由“跷跷板一上一下的交替摆动”抽象化为“波动”。）,大家都知道，约翰生意失败后就倾家荡产了。 (lose his shirt 由“丢了一件衬衫”引申为“失去一切。）,（三）词义的抽象化,3.
18、 CEO Finklestein: He needs to pull a rabbit out of his hat to save the company.,首席执行官芬克尔斯坦说：他需要回天之术来挽救公司。 （pull a rabbit out of his hat 原义为“从自己的帽子里抓出一只兔子来”，在此引申为“像耍魔术一样拿出一种不同凡响的解决办法”。）,4. The owners son has the inside track for the job.,5. The EECs Common Agricultural Policy is a dinosaur which is a
19、dding 13.50 a week to the food bill of the average British family.,老板的儿子有优先获得这项工作的权利。 （inside track 由“内圈跑道”抽象化为“优先的权利”。）,欧洲经济共同体的共同农业政策早已不合时宜，因为它要使英国家庭平均每周在食品开销上多支出13.50英镑。 （dinosaur 由“恐龙”抽象化为“要被废弃的的落后的庞然大物”。）,词类转换法（conversion）,词类转换指的是词性和表现方法的改变。英语中不少词类，如名词、动名词、介词、形容词、副词等在英译汉时往往需要进行一定的调整，转译成汉语动词。当然，
20、英语的名词化和汉语的动词化并不排除在英译汉时把英语动词转化成汉语的名词。,3. A government report targets earnings from industry at US $ 200 billion by 2008.,2. The cost of making goods can be drastically lowered by means of mass-production.,政府的一份报告提出一个目标：到2008年，要使工业收入达到 2000 亿美元。（英语动词转换成汉语名词）,通过批量生产可以大幅度降低生产产品的成本。（英语介词转化成汉语动词）,1. I hav
21、e the honor to inform you that the new products of yours have entered the international markets.,我荣幸地告诉你，贵公司的新产品已经打入了国际市场。 （英语名词转换成汉语副词）,4. Advertising affects tremendously every sphere of modern life.,5. The fair price connected with the superiority of varieties of our products will be able to guar
22、antee our competitive edge in the international market.,广告对现代生活的方方面面产生极大的影响。（英语副词转换成汉语形容词）,我方产品种类繁多，品质优良，价格合理，能够确保在国际市场的竞争优势。（英语名词转换成汉语形容词）,2. crisis law,3. Students are still arriving.,视角转化法,1. riot police,防暴警察,反危机法,学生还没有到齐。,5. Inflation is Target of Banks New Policy （China Daily 标题）,4. Dont stop r
23、unning.,继续跑。,反通货膨胀是银行新政的目标。,6. arms conference,裁军会议,7. bench warmer,“冷板凳”队员（替补队员）,视角转化法（Shift of Perspectives）,视角转换在不涉及特殊文化背景因素的情况下，用译语意义替代原语意义，重组原语信息的表层形式，转换表达角度，使译文更符合汉语习惯，更易于被读者接受，更有利于译文预期功能的实现。,视角转换技巧除了包括肯定句与否定句之间的相互转换，还包括其他与原文不同或相反的表达角度。,1. With the winter coming, many fashion stores start to s
24、ell warm clothes.,2. Party A shall have a right of first refusal whenever party B wishes to sell any of its shares in the Group.,冬天即将来临，许多商店开始销售寒衣了。 （此处 warm clothes 不译为“暖和的衣服”，经视角转换后译为“御寒的衣服，寒衣”。）,乙方任何时候有意出售其持有之本集团任何股份，甲方一律拥有优先购买权。 （如果把 right of first refusal 刻译成“优先拒绝权”，则有失准确，必须经过视角转换把它译成“优先购买权”才符合
25、行业规范。）,3. We offer to take ten percent off if your order is big enough.,4. The supermarket designated quite a few pick-up points in some comparatively densely populated communities in suburban areas.,如果贵方订单足够大，我方可提供9折优惠。 （ take ten percent off 本义为“把价格扣除百分之十”，利用视角转换法可翻译成“打九折”。）,该超市在郊区人口相对密集的社区设立了好多个上
26、车地点。 （pick-up points 原义为“接（顾客）的地点”，现在经过视角转换则变为“上车地点” 。）,5. The seller determines to sell it at one price.,6. In his 1776 work The Wealth of Nations, Scottish economist Adam Smith proposed that specialization in production leads to increased output.,商家决定该产品不二价销售。 （ at one price 为“只以一种价格”，这样的表达表示不出商家不
27、愿同顾客讨价还价的决心，而用“不二价”则意义明确。）,苏格兰经济学家亚当斯密在其1776年所著的国富论中认为，专业化生产会引起产出增加。 （这里，把“增加的产出”转变为“产出增加”。）,7. But the A shares, off limits to foreign investors, were still among the best performers.,但仅对国内投资者发行的A股股票，仍表现上佳。（off limits to意为“禁止进入”，直译显得语气生硬，而将“禁止外国投资者进入”转换视角，译为“仅对国内投资者发行”则很委婉。）,1. Theyll have to be pr
28、epared to wait longer for earnings from this investment.,这项投资不会在短时间内赢利，他们得做好准备。,2. Urban clearway.,市区通道，不准停车。,3. Keep upright.,切勿倒置。,4. The bill was defeated, but during the next 25 years more than 100 food and drug bills were introduced in Congress.,虽然议案未获通过，但在随后的25年中，有100多个食品和药品法案被提交到国会。,增减法（Ampli
29、fication & Pruning ）, 增词法 1) 增补同义词2) 增补范畴词3) 增补产品名称4) 增补动词5) 为语法需要6) 复数翻译法, 减词法,（一）增补同义词,增词法,英语有一词多义的特点，同一个词可以同时与若干个词进行搭配，相互修饰、制约，语言仍自然流畅。汉语在词的搭配方面相对严谨，同一个词通常不能同时与多个词搭配。根据汉语词的搭配习惯和英语词汇的一词多义的特点，我们应采用增补同义词的技巧，这样才能使译文既准确达意，又照顾到汉语的语言习惯。,1. The innovation of products is one of the reform measures of the
30、SOEs because it can decrease loss, cost and budget.,2. Both the buyer and the seller are busy at negotiations of business, contract and draft.,产品革新是国企改革措施之一，因为它可以减少损失、降低成本和缩减预算。,买卖双方正忙于交易磋商，合约谈判和汇票议付。,3. High morale contributes to high levels of productivity, high returns to stakeholders, and employ
31、ee loyalty.,员工士气高会提高生产力水平、增加股东收益，并增强其忠诚度。,He must loiter about country churches, attend wakes（守丧） and fairs and other rural festivals, and cope with the people in all their conditions, and all their habits and humours.他们一定要在教堂里消磨一下时光，参加纪念守护神节日的活动，逛逛集市，与村民同庆他们的节日，和身世各异的人打交道，并了解他们的习惯和性情。,（二）增补范畴词,直译：市
32、场对商品需求的变化受内因和外因影响。 添加范畴词修饰相应的抽象名词changes和 factors，则两个词会更加具体、明确。,增词法,在英译汉过程中考虑到汉语的表达习惯，经常增加的范畴词有：方法、措施、情况、情绪、状态、现象、方面、问题、关系、工作等。例如： The changes of requirements for the commodities in the market are affected by the internal and external factors.,商品市场需求的变化情况受内因和外因两方面因素影响。,1. The tension in the Middle E
33、ast has attracted much attention.,中东的紧张局势已引起了广泛关注。,4. Unless these issues are addressed as a matter of urgency, the consequent de-motivation of staff will undoubtedly have a negative impact on the performance of the company.,除非这些问题作为当务之急得到及时解决，否则员工中随之出现的消极怠工情绪无疑将对公司的整个运营业绩产生负面影响。,2. The temperature
34、needed for this processing is not high.,这种加工方法需要的温度不是很高。,3. For many years, there has been serious unemployment in this city.,多年来该城市一直有严重的失业现象。,5. Not to educate him (the child) is to condemn him to repetitious ignorance.,如果我们不对儿童进行教育的话， 那就要使儿童沦入世世代代的愚昧状态。,混乱局面 饱和状态 废物回收利用 准备工作 管理部门 多余信息（人员） 补救措施 解决
35、方案 修改方案 有利地位 落后状态,.,confusion saturation recycling preparation management redundancy remedies solution modification advantage backwardness,5辆丰田牌汽车，20台日立牌电视机和30台施乐牌复印机早已备妥待运，但因你方信用证延迟到达，货物不能按期装运。,原文中Toyota，Hitachi，Xerox都为世界知名品牌，在翻译时要按汉语的习惯用法把他们的产品名称补充完整，才能使译文具体明了。,（三）增补产品名称,增词法,对于英文中缺失的产品名称，翻译时有时要根据具
36、体情况增补出来。如： The five Toyota, twenty Hitachi and thirty Xerox have long been ready for shipment, but shipment cannot be effected because of the late arrival of your L/C.,comfort 和 luxury 都是抽象名词，但在构成复数后，词义就具体化了。,社会为竞争法则付出的代价，犹如它为便宜的舒适家用商品和高档消费品的代价一样巨大。,The price which society pays for the law of compet
37、ition, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is also great.,我干工作，我做家务，我有朋友往来，这些足够占去了我的全部时间,原文中my work, my family, my friends ，在翻译时要按汉语的习惯用法增加了动词干，做，往来，才能使译文具体明了。,（四）增加动词,增词法,英语喜用名词形式，汉语喜用动词形式。因此在翻译的时要根据需要增加动词。如：My work, my family, my friends were more than enough to fill my time.,要
38、在我们这个共和国里当一个好公民，第一必要的条件是他能够而且愿意尽职尽责。,增词法,The first requisite of a good citizen in this Republic of oursis that he shall be able and willing to pull her weight.,英语目前的情况很好，他正按照它那不易为人发现的方式在起着变化，而不是像一只树上掉下来的李子那样在逐渐腐烂。,（五）为了语法上的需要而增词,增词法,英语的时态是通过动词体现出来的，而在汉语中，动词是无法体现时态的，汉语中往往通过增加虚词来体现动词的时态。如： The English
39、 language is in very good shape. It is changing in its own indiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree.,就是在一次这样的场合，我遇到了卡特赖特一家。当时我住在警察局长盖兹家里。那天我在台球室里坐着，盖兹进来问我想不想打桥牌，他们三缺一。,It was on one of these occasions that I met the Cartwrights. I was staying with a man named Ga
40、ze who was head of the police and he came into the billiard room, where I was sitting, and asked me if I would make up a four at a bridge table.,我对到目前为止所做的努力并不满意，我一直在寻求能够有组织地、有系统地写点东西，以弥合东西方世界之间的沟壑。,I have not been satisfied with my efforts to date and I have been constantly searching for some sort
41、of organized and systematic contribution which I could make to bridging the gap between the Eastern and Western worlds.,不同的国家使用不同的经济来源；不同的人拥有不同的技能。,（六）英语名词复数的翻译方法,增词法,由于汉语名词没有形式手段表示其单复数的区分，因此英语名词的复数在汉译时往往通过增词的方式体现出来。如：1. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed diffe
42、rent skills.,2. Cargo insurance is to protect the trader from loses that many dangers may cause.,货物保险会使贸易商免受许多风险所可能造成的种种损失。,4. Another factor behind the increase in merger activity is the record performance of stock markets, which has enabled companies to finance major acquisitions on the strength o
43、f their inflated share prices.,导致合并不断增加的另一个因素是股票市场的空前繁荣。股票市场的空前繁荣使得各家公司可以依赖其上涨的股票价格去资助各种大规模的购进。,3. They drove in a black limousine, past groves of birch trees and endless rows of identical new buildings.,他们乘坐一辆黑色高级轿车，经过一丛丛的白桦树和看不到尽头的一排排式样相同的新住宅。,5.The United States systems work by means of a series
44、of closely tabulated favors and obligations carefully doled out where they will do the most good.,美国的种种体制是在一系列安排周密的恩惠和义务的基础上来运行的，而且施予恩惠和承担义务都必须以获取最大的利益为前提。,减词法,减词法是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘啰嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。与英语相比较，汉语中代词（尤其是人称代词）和连词（尤其是并列连词“和”）使用的很少，能省略的代词和连接词一般都不在句子里出现。此外冠词、动词不定
45、式符号、部分介词还有系动词都可以省略。,减词法,The retailer perform many functions. First, he may provide a convenient location. Also, he often guarantees and services the merchandise he sells. Third, the retailer aids in promoting the product, often through displays and advertising. Fourth, the retailer may finance the c
46、ustomer by extending credit. Further, the retailer performs storage function in his outlet, by having goods available.,减词法,零售商还发挥许多功能。其一，（）可以提供便利的场地；其二，（）对他所经销的商品提供担保和服务；其三，（）帮助促销产品，经常进行商品展示活动和发布广告；（）其四，（）为顾客提供信贷。另外由于供货及时，零售商还可发挥其商店的仓储功能。英语语篇衔接手段：使用代词，使用名词本身，使用省略使用上义词，使用同义词。 汉语语篇：当谈论同一主语时，被谈论的主要往往省略
47、。,1. Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.,冬天是研究树木生长的最好季节，虽则树叶落了，树枝光了，但树木本身却是美丽的。 （省略冠词）,2. When demands get low, prices may become low.,需求降低，价格就可能降低。 （省略系动词）,3. Smoking is not allowed in the
48、warehouse.,仓库重地，不准吸烟。 （省略介词）,5. The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory.,产品出厂前应该进行抽样检查。 （删除累赘部分）,6. Advertisements help market develop. Therefore, as more goods are sold they are cheaper.,广告有助于市场的发展，因此，货物卖得越多价格就越便宜。 （省略助动词和系动词）,7. Such is the so-called “bu
49、siness cycle”that has characterized the industrialized nations of the world for the last two centuries-ever since an elaborate, interdependent money economy began o replace the relatively self-sufficient precommercial sociaety.,这是近两个世纪（即自从一种复杂、相互依赖的货币经济开始取代相对自给自足的前商业化社会）以来全世界工业化国家所谓的经济周期。,为了避免文章的单调乏味，英文中往往尽量要避免用词重复。除了使用代词外，同一件事物常用拼写不同而意义相近的词来表示。回避重复是英语的一大特色。汉语的重复则不会给人以单调乏味的感觉，相反，如果使用得当，还可以起到反复强调的作用，使语义明确，译文生动。重复是汉语的一个明显特点。,重复法（Repetition）,1）指代法2）替代法3）换词法4）省略法5）保留介词法6）紧缩法,英语回避重复的主要方法,
