1、商务英语翻译教程 College Business English A Course for Translation 从商务英语翻译教程这门课的名称来 看， 他有两个关键词，一个商务英语，一 个翻 译。这门课就围绕这两方面来进行。 说到翻译呢，对于一个优秀的翻译人 员的 话，理论是基础，实践是真理 。 也就是说，实践对于学好翻译来说是 至关 重要的。如果只掌握了理论，而不去实践， 是不能成为好的翻译人员的。相反， 没有 理论系统的学习，而有大量的翻译实 践， 有可能是以为合格的翻译者。 而商务英语翻译除了关系着翻译，还 涉及 到很多商贸知识。 翻译理论 在我国，文字翻译最早开始于春秋时 期的
2、越人歌，迄今大约有2500年的历史， 对翻译标准的争论也有1000多年，但有关 翻译标准在翻译界迄今还没有达成“ 共 识”，即还没有一个大家都认同的翻 译标 准。 翻译是一门推敲的，无唯一答案的课 程。 国内外翻译标准百家争鸣、白花齐放 。 信、达、雅 ”。 1898年，严复 在天演论的译例言 中说：“译事之难：信、达、雅。求其信， 已大难矣！顾信矣，不达，虽译，犹 不译 也，则达尚焉。”后来一般就把“信、达、 雅”当作翻译的标准。 用今天的话来说，“信”就是忠实准 确， “达”就是通顺流畅，“雅”就是文 字古 雅 。 “ 功能对等 ”。 “功能对等”（Functional Equivalen
3、ce）翻译准 则是由美国著名翻译家尤金. 奈达 （Eugene A . Nida）博士提出的。在众多的国外翻译家 中，奈 达的 翻译 理论 可以 说对 我国 的影 响最 大。 他认 为， 翻译的预期目的主要是原 文与译 文在信 息内容 、 说话方式、文体、风格、 语言、 文化、 社会因 素 诸方面达到对等。 综观国内外翻译家们的观点，可以得 出结 论：中外翻译标准其实质上有一致性，即： 信息对等 。 说到底，不管什么样的翻译标准，都 离不 开一个“真”字，换言之，译文应该 是原 文信息的真实反映，译者最大限度地 将原 文作者所赋予原文语言文字的“任务 ”转 译到译文里。 译者应具备的能力 翻译
4、过程是一个语言转化 的过程 ，涉及 跨语言 ， 跨文化的内容。 外语水平能力 母语水平能力 知识水平能力 商务英语专业行话 术语 应用水平能力 只有通过练习实践，才能 真正提 高译者 的翻译 水 平 Business negotiations The conclusion of a favorable sale contract results largely from careful and meticulous(极仔 细的; 一丝不苟的) business negotiation between the exporter and the importer. Trade negotiatio
5、ns in international business background consist of five steps: enquiry, offer, counter-offer, acceptance, and the formation of contract. Enquiries An enquiry is usually made by an importer to an exporter, asking for prices lists, catalogues, samples, and details about the goods or trade terms. Howev
6、er, the exporter, on receiving the enquiry, will make a reply to, thus getting the negotiation started. Business negotiations in foreign trade usually commence with an enquiry by an overseas buyer to a seller to inquire about the terms of the sale. Offers Definition An offer is a good proposal that
7、is made to a specific individual or entity to enter into a contract. The proposal must contain definite terms and must indicate the offerors intent to be bound by an acceptance. The party that sends the offer is called the offeror and the another party that receives the offer is called the offeree.
8、Definition of an offer A proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance. (CISG Art 14-1) CISG: United Nations Convention on Contracts for the
9、 International Sale of Goods 联合国国际 货物销售合同公约 Withdrawal of offer The withdrawal of offer means that the offeror, for some reason, withdraw his offer before it reaches the offeree or before it becomes effective. This may happen when the offeror finds that the offer he makes contains some mistake, or t
10、hat the situation has changed which makes his offer unfavorable to him. Revocation of offer To revoke an offer means that when the offer has reached the offeree, it has become effective, the offeror acts to revoke the offer thus to kill its effectiveness. The Convention agrees in principle that an o
11、ffer is revocable before the note of acceptance is dispatched but provides that on the following two occasions, an offer is irrevocable. A. It indicates, whether by stating a fixed time or otherwise, that it is irrevocable. B. if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevo
12、cable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer. Termination of offer “An offer, even if it is irrevocable, is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror” (CISG Art.17). Offers According to different criteria, offers can be classified into various kind: Selling offersoffers made by the
13、 seller Buying offersoffers made by a buyer Firm offers or offers with engagement Indefinite offers or offers without engagement Firm offers A firm offer or an irrevocable offer or an offer firm, is intended to make a contract with the offeree. The terms or conditions put forward in the offer can no
14、t be revoked or amended without consents from the other party. Once it is unconditionally accepted by the offeree within its validity, the transaction is completed and a contract is concluded immediately. Until this time, the offer has legally binding force on the both parties. Such offer usually ha
15、s phrases like: “we offer firm, or we make a firm offer for the following goods”. Indefinite offers An indefinite offer is not binding on the offeror, and is stated unclear, incomplete and with reservation. Some expressions can help the reader to identify this nature of the offer, such as, reference
16、 price, subject to our final confirmation, subject to being unsold. Actually, quotation sheets and price lists can serve as offers without engagement because they only include part of the terms, such as descriptions, specifications and unit prices. They do not include those terms about shipment, pay
17、ment etc. Counter-offers Definition A counter-offer is a reply to an offer that materially alters the terms of the offer. The party who has received the offer is not in a position to fully accept the business terms offered. He may make a counter-offer, in which some alternations have been made about
18、 the business trade terms, such as, the price or other terms with the purpose of bargaining. There are also two kinds of counter-offer: one with engagement and the other is without engagement. Acceptance (Accept) Definition An acceptance is an unconditional assent to an offer, or an assent condition
19、ed on minor changes that do not affect material terms of the offer. The acceptance, in practice, serves to conclude the business transaction. It must be absolute and unconditional, otherwise, it is not an acceptance but a counter-offer. An acceptance may be tendered only by the person to whom the of
20、fer is directed. It is a regular practice in international trade that a written contract is usually signed to bind both the seller and the buyer. A formal contract should be prepared in duplicate. Both parties should sign each copy, and each party should keep a sign of it. Some of the contracts comm
21、only used in foreign trade are available in printed forms, so that only the date, price, name of commodities, names of parties, and similar particulars are needed to be filled in. Formation of contracts Definition of contracts A contract is simply an agreement that defines relationship between one o
22、r more parties. A commercial contract, in the simplest term, is merely an agreement made by two or more parties for the purpose of transacting business. If the seller works out a contract, it is called a sales contract; or if the buyer works it out, it is called a purchase contract. Business procedu
23、res enquiry offer counter-offer acceptance formation of contract. Apply for opening a letter of credit through a bank receive a complete set of shipping documents check or examine the documents in strict conformity with each other apply for the commodity inspection and quarantine apply for customs e
24、ntry naturally you find her a sylph. 译为谓语结构 将原主句的主谓宾结构压缩成汉语的 词组 作译文的主语，把定语从句转译为谓 语， 合并成一个句子。 We are a nation that must beg to stay alive. She had a balance at her bankers which would have made her beloved anywhere. 译为独立句 由于非限定性定语从句与 主句的 关系比 较松散 ， 所以很多情况下可以转译 为独立 的句子 ，关系 代 词只作为一般的代词，从 句也变 为句子 的主体 。 O
25、nce was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective. He had talked to the vice-president, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done. 译为简单句 限定性定语从句与主句的关系比较密 切，因 此可以把主句和从句合并在一起，变 成简单 句。这类句子常含有there be等结构。 Is it history you are reading? The oil
26、tanker carries crude oil to a refinery, where the oil is processed. There were men in the crowd who had stood there every day for a month. 译成状语从句 有些从句形式上是定语从句，但在语 法功 能及深层含以上却起着状语从句的作 用， 表示时间，地点，原因，结果，目的 ，让 步，条件，假设等。 To make an atom bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission.
