1、 定语从句一、定语从句的概念 在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。 二、定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括 that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格 whose)等,关系副词包 where, when, why 等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。 三、定语从句的分类 根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语
2、从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。 四、关系代词的用法 1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的 音乐。(that 作主语) The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that 作宾语) 2.which 用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: The building which stands n
3、ear the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语) The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。 (作宾语) 3.who, whom 用于指人,who 用作主语,whom 用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用 who 代替 whom, 也可省略。例如: The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语) Who is the
4、 teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语) 注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which 可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如: This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。 Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原
5、来的位置上。例如 : This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。 (3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如 : The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。 (4)关系词只能用 that 的情况 : a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用 that,而不用 which.例如: He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是
6、第一个通过考试的人。 b.被修饰的先行词为 all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one 等不定代词时,只能用 that,而不用 which.例如 : Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗 ? c.先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用 that,而不用which.例如: This is the same bike that I lost.
7、这就是我丢的那辆自行车。 d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时 ,只能用 that, 而不用 which.例如: I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。 e.以 who 或 which 引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用 that.例如: Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁? f.主句是 there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用 that,而不用 which.例如: There is a b
8、ook on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。 (5)关系词只能用 which,而不用 that 的情况: a.先行词为 that, those 时,用 which, 而不用 that.例如: Whats that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么? b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用 which,而不用 that.例如: This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。 c.引导非限制性定语从句 ,用 which, 而不用 that.例如: Tom came b
9、ack, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。 五、关系副词的用法 (1)when 指时间,其先行词表示时间 ,在句中作时间状语。例如: This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。 (2)where 指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如: This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。 (3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如 : Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什
10、么上学总迟到。 初中英语定语从句典型错误分析1. She used to help my brother, who was very kind of her. 【改】将 who 改为 which。 【析】犯这类错误的主要原因是把 my brother 错当成了先行词。关系代词 which 指代的先行词是整个主句，它引导非限定性定语从句。 2. Do you still remember the day when we spent together in China last year? 【改】将 when 改为 that / which 或将 when 删除。 【析】犯这类错误的主要原因是没有
11、弄清关系代词与关系副词的用法区别。不能因为先行词表示时间就一定用关系副词 when, 而要学会准确把握句子的结构，正确分析句子的成分。例句中定语从句要用关系代词引导，并在定语从句中作 spent 的宾语。 3. The way which you look at problems is wrong. 【改】在 which 前加 in 或者将 which 改为 that，也可将 which 删除。 【析】当先行词是 the way 时，定语从句常用 that / in which 引导，that / in which 也可省略。 4. We were interested in the thin
12、gs and people whom we saw during the trip. 【改】将 whom 改为 that。 【析】当先行词既有人又有物时，定语从句用关系代词 that 引导，that 作宾语时可省略。 5. It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out. 【改】将 where 改为 that。 【析】犯这类错误的主要原因是把强调句型与定语从句混为一谈了。例句为强调句型，强调的是地点状语 in the kitchen。 6. Is this factory that you have been working in since yo
13、ur graduation? 【改】在 that 前加 the one。 【析】犯这类错误的原因是把 this factory 错看作是定语从句的先行词了。解答这类题时，我们不妨先将疑问语序改为陈述语序。this factory 是主句的主语，故应添加 the one 作定语从句的先行词。当然，在 factory 前加 the 也可以，那么 this 是主语， the factory 是表语。 7. He is such a lazy man as no one wants to work with him. 【改】将 him 删除或将 as 改为 that。 【析】犯这类错误的主要原因是把
14、such . as .和 such . that .两个句型混淆了。 8. There are many books in the library, most of which is in Chinese. 【改】将 is 改为 are。 【析】关系代词作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词要与先行词在人称和数上保持一致。例句中关系代词 which 指代的是先行词 books，故从句谓语动词应用复数形式。 9. I am terribly sorry for having broken the MP4 I borrowed it from you the other day. 【改】去掉 it。 【析】
15、定语从句中的关系代词在从句中充当一定的成分，因此从句中不能再出现与关系代词指代相同的代词或名词，以避免重复。例句中 it 与省略了的关系代词 that/which 重复，应去掉。 10. We will do all what we can to help you out. 【改】改 what 为 that 或将 what 删除。 【析】先行词为指物的不定代词时，定语从句用 that 来引导，that 在从句中作宾语时可省略，而 what 不能引导定语从句。 11. He is our English teacher, without his help I couldnt have made
16、such rapid progress. 【改】将 his 改为 whose。 【析】犯这类错误的主要原因是没有弄清句子结构。这是一个主从复合句，逗号前面是主句，逗号后面是“介词 + 关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句。 12. The scientist has made another discovery, that I believe is of great importance. 【改】将 that 改为 which。 【析】that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。 13. Theres somebody that wants you on the telephone. 【改】that 改为
17、 who 或去掉 that。 【析】先行词是-body，-one 构成的复合代词时，关系代词用 who (whom)不用 that。口语中在It be / there be / here be 后面的关系代词可省略。 14. John, who greeted me is my teacher, that is deeply respected by all. 【改】me 之后加逗号；that 改为 who。 【析】第一个 who 引导的是非限制性定语从句。从句位于句中时，两头须用逗号与主句隔开。第二个 who 引导的也是一个非限制性定语从句，关系代词在指人时须用 who(whom)，在指物时
18、须用 which，不能用 that。 15. Do you know the reason why do many people like Zhang Yimous films? 【改】去掉 why 之后的 do。 【析】定语从句须用陈述句语序。关系副词 why 在从句中作原因状语，其先行词是表示原因的 reason。 16. Which is known to all, Mount Emei is one of the famous mountains of China. 【改】Which 改为 As。 【析】which, as 都可作关系代词引导非限制性定语从句，表示整个主句的内容，并在从
19、句中作主语、宾语。这种从句放在主句的后边时，which, as 均可引导；放在主句的前边时，一般用as 引导。 17. Who are the persons who are sitting on the travel bags and which is the bag which belongs to me? 【改】将句中第二 who 和第二个 which 都改为 that。 【析】当主句是以 who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时，为了避免重复，定语从句要用 that 引导而不用 who (whom)和 which 引导。 18. The woman who you spoke is
20、an actress. 【改】在 spoke 之后加 to。 【析】关系代词 who 在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词须后置。如果介词 to 前置，who 得变为 whom。 19. The number of people lost homes reached as many as 250,000 in the earthquake and the fires in San Francisco in 1906. 【改】在 people 之后加关系代词 who / that。 【析】关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不能省略。 定语从句配套习题I.单项填空。 1. -Do you know the
21、man _is talking with your father? -Yes, hes our headmaster. A. he B. who C. which D. whom 2. Is this the river _I can swim? A. which B. in which C. that D. the one 3. This is the best hotel in the city _I know. A. where B. which C. that D. it 4. Can you lend me the dictionary _the other day? A. that
22、 you bought B. you bought it C. that you bought it D. which you bought it 5. Anyone _with what I said may put up you hands. A. which agrees B. who agree C. who agrees D. which agree 6. My watch is not the only thing _ is missing. A. that B. it C. which who 7. The man _coat is black is waiting at the
23、 gate A. whos B. whose C. that of which. 8. The girl _ is reading under the tree _my sister. A. which; is B. whom; was C. who; is D. who; was 9. I love places _the people are really friendly. A. that B. which C. where D. who 10. The world _ is made up of matter. A. in that we live B. on which we liv
24、e C. where we live in D. we live in . 用适当的关系代词 that, which, who, whom 填空。 1. The first thing _you must do is to have a meal. 2. April 1st is the day _is called April Fools Day in the west. 3. The family _had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends. 4. The house _we live in is very old. 5. Didnt you see the man _I talked with just now?
