1、SovereigntyInternational economic integration is popularly criticized on the grounds that it reduces a countrys national sovereignty （undisputed political power） 。 When two or more sovereign countries sign a treaty， they agree to do and/ or not to do specified things. Therefore， it is not a valid cr
2、iticism of any international treaty to say that it entails a loss of national sovereignty. All treaties do so in one way or another. The real issue is： do the countries concessions constitute a mutually beneficial deal. Is the surrender of sovereignty justified by the results？ Consider， for example，
3、 the Canadian debate leading up to the CanadaUnited States Free Trade Agreement in Lipsey and York （1988） 。Canada is a small （in economic terms） and open economy. The competitive future of this country has been seriously jeopardized by the uncertain future of the relative liberal international tradi
4、ng system. Canada therefore negotiated， and subsequently signed in 1988， a Free Trade Agreement with the United States. The negotiations and the preelection period at that time were subject to one of the greatest debates in Canada history. The opponents of this Agreement would significantly reduce C
5、anadian sovereignty and distinctiveness. The ado made by the opponents is probably the greatest one in the history of international economic integration. Giving their vote to the Conservatives， the Canadians， however， supported the Agreement.There was a fear that Canada should have to harmonize a ra
6、nge of economic policies with the United States. If experience is a reliable guide， then this fear is not relevant. The Netherlands has a developed and costly social policy while Belgium spends little in this area. Yet， these two countries have been in a free trade area for more than a half a centur
7、y without harmonizing their social policies. As for other economic policies， pressures for harmonization do exist. If tax rates differ among countries and if factors are allowed to move， then， other things being equal， factors will move to countries where the tax burden is lower. It should be noted，
8、 however， that these harmonizing pressures exist even in the situation without integration. Within， for example， a common market， apart from the agreed matters， countries will have to give each other national treatment. This means that countries can have any policy they wish， even those which are co
9、mpletely different from policies in the partner countrieswith just one important condition. The country should not use these policies to discriminate between partners on the basis of their nationality. International economic integration is not the enemy of diversity in many economic policies. In oth
10、ers， like fiscal policy of the EC， integration does not reduce the diversity of the main policy instruments. It is this that raises all sorts of problems when economies at different levels of development， facing different problems， become integrated. They ought to harmonize such policies.If a small
11、country accepts a longterm policy of protection， as opposed to liberalization or international economic integration， it chooses a longterm deterioration in its competitive position. It is coupled with a reduction in living standard in relation to countries which do not practice protectionism and / o
12、r to the level of welfare which could have been achieved by an alternative economic strategy. Can a country preserve its sovereignty and the welfare of its citizens with a longterm trend of deterioration in the standard of living？The expectation of a net economic gain compared to the situation witho
13、ut integration is the most fundamental incentive for international economic integration. Anticipated gains include an increase in the efficiency of the use of factors due to increased competition， specialization， returns to scale， increases in investment， improvements in terms of trade， reduced risk
14、 and equalization of factor prices. Integration will be beneficial when cooperation and coordination of policies takes place instead of the disintegrated exercise of power through often contradictory policies. Sovereignty is pooled， rather than given up. Small， open countries need to realize that it
15、 is much less a choice between national sovereignty and international economic integration and much more a choice between one form of interdependence and another. If ones aim is to increase the competitiveness of a small country and secure widest markets for its goods and services in the future， the
16、n international economic integration is a serious alternative to the national freedom to implement and continue with bad economic policies.1. International economic integration is based on the tastes and traditions of all countries.2. International economic integration is a process and a means by wh
17、ich a group of countries strives to increase its level of welfare.3. From a technical point of view， international economic integration is an unlimited process.4. The decision about entering into any other type of integration is in fact political factor.5. International economic integration can redu
18、ce the competitive future of all countries throughout the world.6. Canada has a developed and costly social policy while the Netherlands spends little in this area.7. International economic integration can not be based on diversity in many economic policies.8. Someone said international economic int
19、egration was criticized because it reduced.9. With respect to others， like fiscal policy of the EC， international economic integration does not reduce the diversity of.10. Small open countries need to realize that it is not a choice between national sovereignty and international economic integration
20、 but a choice between one form of.【答案与解析】3.The Definition of International Economic Integration1.NG 本题的关键词是 tastes and traditions。因为本文讲的就是世界经济一体化问题，因此没有必要再把 international economic integration 定为关键词了。带着本题的两个关键词，按照快速阅读理解题目的命题规律，从文章的开头搜寻。在文章的第一段第三句中找到了上述两个关键词，通读上下文，才发现在涉及这两个关键词的有关句子讲的是对价格产生的不同影响，而没有提到世
21、界经济一体化的问题。因此答案为 NG。2.Y 属定义题。此题的关键词为 a process and means 和 its level of welfare。既然是定义题，首先在文章查找有无给世界经济一体化作出定义。文章开头的一个小标题就是世界经济一体化的定义。因此，可把搜寻目标定位在这个小标题下的狭小范围之内了。再按关键词寻找，在第二段第一句中找到了关键词的位置及与题目内容相同的叙述。证明所作出的答案是正确无疑的。3.N 属判断题，关键词语是 unlimited process 和 from a technical point of view，继续顺读篇章，在第二段中下部发现有两句含有本题关
22、键词：一句是 The process of integration may be practically unlimited.。另一句是 From a technical point of view， international economic integration can be a limited process.。.上句话讲的是没有限制的，观其全句和上下文义才发现上句指的是从实践上看的。而下句说的是从技术方面看是一个有限制的过程，而且下句话把几个关键词语全包含进去了。所以答案是 N。4.Y 关键线索词是 decision 和 political。题义是：实际上，决定加入其他一体化形式是
23、一种政治行为。即使你还不能完全把握这句话的汉语意思，那么根据关键词的线索去寻找，也能找到正确答案。依次搜寻，跳过一体化各种类型的描述。在这些一体化类型列举之后，可能有一个概括性的结论或总体论述。结果在表格的上方果然有一句包含2个关键词的句子。观其句义，尽管不完全一样，但把题中的内容全部包含进去了。5.NG 关键词是 reduce 和 the competitive future.在 Sovereignty（主权）这个小标题下面的句子中找到 reduce 一词，是说一体化是否削减了国家主权，在这个小标题下的下一个段落中找到 the competitive future 这个关键词语，但并未提及世
24、界经济一体化减少了未来各国的竞争。因此，确定答案是 NG。6.N 本题关键词语是 Canada， Netherlands 和 a developed and costly social policy，依照关键线索词语，把范围锁定在倒数第三段和倒数第四段。迅速跨越无关的内容，在倒数第三段第三句找到 The Netherlands has a developed and costly social policy while Belgium spends little in this area.因此确定答案是 N。7.N 本题的关键词是 diversity 和 economic policies.在
25、倒数第三段倒数第六行的International economic integration is not the enemy of diversity in many economic policies，这句话中包含了本题的两个关键词。句子的意思是世界经济一体并不是经济政策多样化的敌人。与本题意思相反。故答案为 N。8.a countrys national sovereignty 本题的关键词为 is criticized，和 sovereignty.根据sovereignty 一词可以很快地把本题定位在 Sovereignty（主权）这个副标题下。再根据另外两个关键词找到 Sovereig
26、nty 下面的第一句话，因此，就很快地找到了答案。9.main policy instruments 本题的关键词 EC，这个词是最易查找的信号词。不再确定其他关键词也足以定位了。根据关键词 EC 很快找到它所在的句子。10.interdependence and another 本题的关键词语是 small， open countries， realize 和 a choice。Part Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 min
27、utes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.For questions 1-7, markY (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is no
28、t given in the passage.For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.AirplaneAirplane InstrumentsModern airplanes are complicated machines. Pilots need many gauges(量表) and electronic aids to help fly them. The flight deck of a large passenger plane contains man
29、y indicator dials and warning lights. One of the most important instruments is the altimeter, which tells the pilot how high the plane is off the ground. The air speed indicator measures the planes speed. The artificial horizon shows the position of the plane relative to the horizon. The turn and ba
30、ck indicator shows how much, if at all, the plane is turning and tilting. In dense clouds and fog, a pilot would not always know which way the plane is heading if it werent for this instrument. A gyrocompass(旋转罗盘)and various radio devices are necessary for navigation.Most large planes also have an a
31、utomatic pilot. This is a device operated by a computer. It will fly the plane without the pilots touching the controls. These autopilots can even control takeoffs and landings. The flight deck also contains many gauges and meters that tell the pilot whether the many pieces of equipment on the plane
32、 are operating properly. They measure fuel level, temperatures, cabin pressure, electric current, etc. Indicators show whether the landing gear is up or down. The radio equipment allows the pilot to talk to ground controllers and to receive navigation signals.Airplane ConstructionEarly airplanes wer
33、e made of wood frames covered by fabric and held in shape by wire. After World War I, airplane designers started to use lightweight metals like aluminum, titanium, and magnesium alloys. A thin skin of metal was riveted into place over metal ribs. Strong epoxy(环氧的) glues are now used for some joints,
34、 instead of rivets. As planes grew in size, they became heavier. More powerful engines were developed in order to fly the heavier planes.The use of metals brings with it a problem called metal fatigue. Stress and vibration in flight can cause metal parts eventually to break up. Airplanes must be con
35、stantly checked for signs of this trouble. Defective parts must be renewed by aircraft maintenance people.Designers test scale models in wind tunnels before the full sized planes are built. Reactions of the models to high speed air streams give good indications how full sized planes will react in fl
36、ight. This approach helps save a lot of money. It also helps to make airplanes safe. AirportAn airport is a place where airplanes arrive and depart. Passengers leave and arrive on the airplanes and cargo is loaded and unloaded. Large, jet powered airplanes require long runways for takeoffs and landi
37、ngs. Big terminal buildings are necessary to handle thousands of passengers and their baggage. Very large airports usually serve several large cities and cover thousands of acres. Hundreds of planes arrive and depart daily. All this traffic must be carefully controlled to avoid delays and accidents.
38、 This is done from a control tower. The tower stands high above the ground. Air traffic controllers, inside the tower, must be able to guide airplanes through their takeoffs and landings.Large airports are often like small cities. Many have post offices, banks, hotels, restaurants, and many kinds of
39、 shops. Airports have their own fire and police departments, fuel storage tanks, and repair work shops. Some companies even have their shipping warehouses located at airports.One of the largest airports in the world is in Grapevine, Texas, midway between the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth. This air
40、port covers 7 200 hectares (18 000 acres).Its five terminals can handle the arrivals and departures of 90 jumbo jets at the same time. OHare International Airport, in Chicago, is the busiest airport in the world. It handles more than 37 million passengers a year.Small airports that are used only by
41、private airplanes usually cover 20 to 40 hectares (50 to 100 acres).They do not need all the buildings and services of a large airport. The control tower may be just a small room in a building at ground level.RunwaysEarly planes were light. Early runways were sometimes just level grass fields. Paved
42、 runways became necessary when airplanes became heavier and faster. Todays big jet planes weigh hundreds of tons. They move along runways at speeds of 160 kph (100 mph).When they land, the runways take a lot of pounding and must be made of concrete or asphalt(沥青).They must have solid foundations and
43、 a surface that prevents skidding.Airplanes take off into the wind in order to get better lift. They also land into the wind to have better control as they slow down. Most airports have runways pointing in different directions. This means that there are always runways on which airplanes can go into
44、the wind as they take off and land.Heavily loaded passenger jets need long runways to gather enough speed to leave the ground. Runways at some large airports are longer than 3 000m(10 000 ft).At night, bright lights line the runways so that pilots can find them without trouble. A system of flashing
45、guide lights is set up beyond the runway to help pilots land safely.Control TowersPeople who work in control towers are called air traffic controllers. They direct the movements of all planes on the ground and in the air by keeping track of them on large radar screens. Air traffic controllers tell a
46、 pilot, by radio, when and where to taxi or pilot the plane down the runway.Electronic equipment is used to guide airplanes. Long range radar is used to keep track of planes far away from the airport. This radar is called Ground Control Approach (GCA).When the airplane gets within a few miles of the
47、 runway, the air traffic controller begins to use Precision Approach Radar (PAR).This allows the controller to guide the airplane to within 0.4km(0.25mi)of the runway. At that point, the pilot completes the landing. Another electronic aid used in bad weather is the Instrument Landing System (ILS).In
48、 this system, radio transmitters located near the runway send guidance signals to the airplane. These signals tell the pilot how to steer the plane for the final approach to the runways. Today, there are also electronic “microwave“ landing systems (MLS) that can land the plane fully automatically.Te
49、rminal BuildingsTerminal buildings vary in size and shape. Most of them are quite large. More than 228 million people fly on the airlines in America every year. Every passenger must pass through terminals. Long, covered walkways lead from the center of some terminals to the gates where airplanes are boarded. At some airports, buses are used to transport passengers to their airplanes. Passengers arriving from another country must pass through customs and passport control. Customs officials check the incoming baggage for taxable items. They also check passengers to be sure no for
