1、定语从句一.定语从句及相关术语1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有 where, when, why 等。关系词常有 3 个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。二.关系代词引导的定语从句1.who 指人，在从句中做主语(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.(2) Yesterd
2、ay I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom 指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.注意：关系代词 whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用 who 代替，可省略。(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3. which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略(1)
3、 Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.4. that 指人时，相当于 who 或者 whom；指物时，相当于 which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5
4、. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose 指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(5) Do you like the book wh
5、ose cover is yellow?(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you aske
6、d for.(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.(5) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.(6) Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) This is the watch
7、 which/that I am looking for. (T)(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用 whom，不可用 who 或者 that；指物时用which，不能用 that；关系代词是所有格时用 whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F) (3) The plane in which we flew to
8、Canada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “介词+关系代词”前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代词或者数词(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of whic
9、h have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.四关系副词引导的定语从句1. when 指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.2. where 指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语(1) Shanghai is the city where I w
10、as born.(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why 指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clea
11、r,(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born. 五限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句形式上 不用逗号和主句隔开 用逗号和主句隔开意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除是对先行词的补充说明，删除后意思仍完整译法上 翻译成先行词的定语，“的” 通常翻译成主句的
12、并列句关系词的使用上A做宾语时可省略 B。可用 that C可用 who 代替 whom A不可省 B。不用 that C。不用 who 代替 whom限制性定语从句举例：(1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.(2) China is a country which has a long history.非限制性定语从句举例：(1) His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.(2) China, which wa
13、s founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.要注意区分以下几个句子的不同(1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）(2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）难点分析（一）限制性定语从句只能用 that
14、 的几种情况1当先行词是 anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代词时，或者是由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.(3) All that can be done
15、 has been done.(4) There is little that I can do for you.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用 who(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.2. 当先行词被序数词修饰(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时(1) This is the best film that I have seen.4. 当形容词被 the very, the
16、 only 修饰时(1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用 who(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/5. 当先行词前面有 who, which 等疑问代词时(1) Who is the man that is standing there?(
17、2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?（二）关系代词 as 和 which 引导的定语从句as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1As 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。(1) He married her, as/which was natural.(2) He was honest, as/
18、which we can see.2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as 有“正如，正像”的意思(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.(4) He has been to Paris more than several ti
19、mes, which I dont believe.注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用 which(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.3. 当先行次受 such, the same 修饰时，常用 as(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.注意：当先行次由 the sa
20、me 修饰时，偶尔也用 that 引导定语从句，但是和由 as 所引导的定语从句意思不同(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在 MARY 婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。（三）以 the way 为先行词的定语从句通常由 in which, that 引导，而且通常可以省略。(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the quest
21、ion was surprising.(四) but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句(1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who dont )(五) 区分定语从句和同位语从句1定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位于从句2定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句
22、中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由 that 引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由 when, where, how, why, whether, what 等词引导，充当成分(1) The news he told me is true.(2) The news that he has just died is true.(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is di
23、fficult to solve.3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用 be 动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位语(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all.(4) The fact is that the earth moves around t
24、he earth.语法定义：在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。I语序的使用 无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句连词宾语从句（主语谓语）”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下五种句型结构：1）连接词谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有： who，what，which 等。如：Excuse me,could you tell me which is the way to restrooms，please ？劳驾，能告诉我去洗手间的路是哪一条？He doesnt know who lives over there 他不知道谁住那边2）连接词名词谓
25、语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有：whose， what，which，how many，how much 等。如：He asked whose bag this was 他问这是谁的书包。I wonder how much water there is in the glass我想知道杯里有多少水3）连接词主语谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有：who（m），what，which ，how many，how much， when，why ，how，where，if(一般用于口语) whether（与同音词 weather;“天气”的拼写区别,写在句中不充当任何
26、成分）等。如：He couldnt decide if he would buy them他不能决定是否将买他们。Could you tell me how I should come up with the problem ？你能告诉我我该怎样解决这个问题？4）连接词名词主语谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有：what，which，how many，how much，how 等。如：I dont know how many books he has？我不知道他有多少本书？He didnt understand which book I was looking for他不明
27、白我在找哪一本书。5) 连接词+动词不定式(to+V 动词原形)+. 连接词可以是关系代词和关系副词,what, whose. Which,how long,whom ,who etc.Eg:I wonder how to use the computer. 我期盼怎样使用电脑II连接词的使用1）当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用 that 引导，that 无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：He said that he could finish his work before supper他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。2）当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用 if 或 whether 引导，意为“是
28、否”。如：I dont know if whether he still lives here after so many years我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。但在下列情况下只能用 whether：在具有选择意义，又有 or 或 or not 时，尤其是直接与 or not 连用时，往往用whether（ifor not 也可以使用）。如：Let me know whether if he will come or not （Let me know whether or not he will come）让我知道他是否能来。I dont know whether if he does
29、 any washing or not（ I dont know whether or not he does any washing）我不知道他洗不洗衣服。I wonder whether we stay or whether wego 我不知道我们是去还是留。在介词之后用 whether。如：Im interested in whether he likes English我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。Were thinking about whether we can finish the work on time我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。I worry about whether
30、 I hurt her feelings我担心是否伤了她的感情。在不定式前用 whether。如：He hasnt decided whether to visit the old man 他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。I dont know whether to go我不知去否。He hasnt decided whether to go by bus or by train他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。whether 置于句首时，不能换用 if。如：Whether this is true or not，I cant say这是否真的我说不上来。引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用 whet
31、her。如：Whether she will come or not is still a question她是否能来还是个问题。The question is whether we can catch the bus问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。若用 if 会引起歧义时，则用 whether。如：Please let me know if you like the book可理解为：aPlease let me know whether you like the book请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。bIf you like the book， please let me know你如果喜欢这本书
32、，请告诉我。3）如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如：Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning？你能告诉我今天早上你为什么开会迟到吗？III时态的呼应含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容：1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。如：I dont know when he will come back我不知道他将何时回来。He tells me that his sister came back yesterday他
33、告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如：The children didnt know who he was孩子们不知道他是谁。He asked his father how it happened他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun老师说地球绕着太阳转。IV
34、综合运用if 和 when 既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从句，应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if 和 when 引导宾语从句时，分别意为 “是否”和“何时”，其时态应和主句时态相呼应；它们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果，假如”和“当时候”，当主句时态是一般将来时时，其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如：Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ？你知道他明天什么时候回来吗？Sorry，I dont knowWhen he comes back，Ill tell you对不起，不知道。当他
35、回来了，我将告诉你。I dont know if he will come我不知道他是否会来。He will come if it doesnt rain如果不下雨，他会来的。宾语从句讲解在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。1语序无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句连词宾语从句（主语谓语）”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下四种：1）连接词谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有： who，what，which 等。如：Could you tell me who knows the answer，please？你能告诉我谁知道答案吗？The sm
36、all children dont know what is in their stockings这些小孩子不知道袜子里有什么东西？2）连接词名词谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有：whose， what，which，how many，how much 等。如：He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class他问我们班上谁的书法最好。The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room老师问我们房间里有多少人。3）连接词主语谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语、状语或表
37、语。常见的连接词有：who（m），what，which ，how many，how much， when，why，how ，where，if whether（在句中不充当任何成分）等。如：He hasnt decided if hell go on a trip to Wuxi他还没决定是否去无锡旅行。Could you tell me what I should do with the money ？你能告诉我我如何处理这笔钱吗？4）连接词名词主语谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有：what，which，how many，how much，how 等。如：Do you k
38、now which class he is in ？你知道他在哪个班吗？She asked me if I knew whose pen it was她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。2连接词1）当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用 that 引导，that 无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：He said that he could finish his work before supper他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。2）当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用 if 或 whether 引导，意为 “是否”。如：I dont know if whether he still lives here after
39、 so many years我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。但在下列情况下只能用 whether：在具有选择意义，又有 or 或 or not 时，尤其是直接与 or not 连用时，往往用whether（if or not 也可以使用）。如：Let me know whether if he will come or not（Let me know whether or not he will come）让我知道他是否能来。I dont know whether if he does any washing or not（I dont know whether or not he doe
40、s any washing）我不知道他洗不洗衣服。I wonder whether we stay or whether wego我不知道我们是去还是留。在介词之后用 whether。如：Im interested in whether he likes English我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。Were thinking about whether we can finish the work on time我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings我担心是否伤了她的感情。在不定式前用 whether。如：He has
41、nt decided whether to visit the old man他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。I dont know whether to go我不知去否。He hasnt decided whether to go by bus or by train他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。whether 置于句首时，不能换用 if。如：Whether this is true or not，I cant say这是否真的我说不上来。引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用 whether。如：Whether she will come or not is still a question她是
42、否能来还是个问题。The question is whether we can catch the bus问题是我们能否赶上公共汽车。若用 if 会引起歧义时，则用 whether。如：Please let me know if you like the book可理解为：aPlease let me know whether you like the book请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书。bIf you like the book，please let me know你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我。3）如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如：Could you tell me
43、why you were late for the meeting this morning？你能告诉我今天早上你为什么开会迟到吗？3时态含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容：1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。如：I dont know when he will come back我不知道他将何时回来。He tells me that his sister came back yesterday他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态即一般过去时、过去进行时
44、、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如：The children didnt know who he was孩子们不知道他是谁。He asked his father how it happened他问他父亲这件事是如何发生的。3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun老师说地球绕着太阳转。4注意：if 和 when 既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从句，应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if 和 when
45、引导宾语从句时，分别意为“是否 ”和“何时”，其时态应和主句时态相呼应；它们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果，假如”和“当时候”，当主句时态是一般将来时时，其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如：Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ？你知道他明天什么时候回来吗？Sorry，I dont knowWhen he comes back，Ill tell you对不起，不知道。当他回来了，我将告诉你。I dont know if he will come我不知道他是否会来。He will come if it
46、 doesnt rain如果不下雨，他会来的。简化宾语从句常用六法同学们常会遇到把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句，使其与原句意思相同（或相近）的试题。下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法：方法一：当主句谓语动词是 hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise 等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如：Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.We decided that we would help him. W
47、e decided to help him.方法二：当主句谓语动词是 know， learn， remember， forget， tell 等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：She has forgotten how she can open the window. She has forgotten how to open the window.注：当主句谓语动词是 tell， ask， show， teach 等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：Could you tell me h
48、ow I can get to the station？ Could you tell me how to get to the station？方法三：当主句的谓语动词是 order（命令），require（需要）等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. The headmaster ordered us to start at once.方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。例如：He insisted th
49、at he should go with us. He insisted on going with us.The poor boy doesnt know when and where he was born. The poor boy doesnt know the time and the place of his birth.方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing 形式（作宾语补足语）”结构。例如：Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.方法六：动词 seem 后的
