1、七大高频结构英国著名作家、评论家和辞书编纂家 Samuel Johnson 说， “The joy of life is variety.” 写作也是如此。长句短句交杂，各种句式相揉，就能使文章变动流畅而不会流于阻滞单调。纵观考研高分作文，它们似乎都对五大主力句型情有独钟：总会不失时机地在适当场合交替使用强调结构、排比结构、平行结构、倒装结构、虚拟结构、无人称结构和比较结构。正是由于这七大高频结构的交替使用才使得整篇文章一扫沉闷之气，轻松活泼之势跃然纸上。七大结构各有所长：强调结构彰显思想、加强力度；排比结构形式整饬、音韵铿锵；平行结构并行不悖、节奏相同；倒装结构形式突兀、凸显观点；虚拟结构语
2、气婉约、柔中带刚；无人称结构注重尾重、严谨客观；比较结构变换灵活、使用频繁。1 强调结构强调结构是写作中运用较多的一种结构，它的一般结构是 It is +被强调部分+that/who。如果被强调部分是指物，后面就用 that 引导；如果被强调部分是指人，后面就用 who 或 that 引导。例如： 例 1 As a matter of fact, it is parents excessive love and caring that deprives their kids of the freedom to be independent and to temper their will.例
3、2 In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal.例 3 Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their income
4、s,that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.例 4 And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of societys understanding the knowledge, hopes, and fears that passed on to the next generation.例 5 Perhaps it is humankinds long suffering a
5、t the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the water to do our bidding so fascinating.例 6 It is not simply to raise everyones job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens.2 倒装结构倒装结构形式多变，具有强调和修辞等作用。倒装结构分为两大类型：部分倒装结构和全倒装结构。部分倒装结构是指将助动词或情态动
6、词提前，放在句子主语的前面；全倒装是指将句子的主语和谓语完全调换位置，即把谓语放在主语之前。例如：例 1 Only in this way can we really solve the problem of air pollution caused by automobiles.例 2 In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.例 3 Coupled
7、 with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enables the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever possible before.例 4 Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity know
8、n to geologists as hot spots.例 5 And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.例 6 Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reach a n
9、ear standstill.例 7 Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too-and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays “baby born” generations reached its child-bearing years.例 8 Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.例 9 Nor, if regu
10、larity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientists as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”例 10 There
11、 is no denying that the Internet does bring us human beings a lot of conveniences, but its dark sides can not be neglectd either. 例 11 There is no doubt that giving or taking bribes is still prevalent in our society and there is still a lot of work to do before it is thoroughly addressed. 3 排比结构排比结构
12、一般由三句或三句以上句式结构相同、字数相等的句子组成，具有很强的气势。写作中适当运用排比结构，往往能收到很好的表现效果。排比结构尤其适用于论证说理和抒发感情。例如：例 1 Is it humane, for example,that a terminally ill patient is thus caused to feel guilty for remaining alive because he does not want to die? Is it wise that a patient is killed alive simply because of a mistaken term
13、inal diagnosis? And is it possible that euthanasia could be taken advantage of for some ulterior or even criminal purposes? 例 2 Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences.Do we think were shy and indecisive? T
14、hen our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think were slow to adapt to change or that were not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.例 3 Let us v
15、isualize if China turned out hundreds of Yuan Longping, the father of Chinese hybrid rice, would we worry about the invasion of foreign agricultural products? If we were to set up our own legions of Bill Gates and make Sino-something Softs available to the world, should we fear a Windows monopoly? I
16、f we should we have a multitude of negotiators, should we falter in the drawn-out bargaining? Again, if we initiated our own Bell Labs and R and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced.例 7 The merits of competition by exa
17、mination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of family is positively harmful.例 8 Think of Gallileos 17 th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blakes harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Issac Newton.例 9 If yo
18、u are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.例 10 In this process, the journey never really ends, there are always new ways to experience the
19、 world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.例 11 We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerve.例 12 The workers who gets a p
20、romotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.例 13 Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pr
21、essured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitation of being a parent on “quality time”.5 虚拟结构 虚拟结构是用表示与过去、现在或将来事实相反的一种假设。虚拟句的形式繁多，一搬可分为(should)be 型和 were 型。(should)be 型虚拟结构一般用于表示命令、决定、建议等词语之后的 that 分句或由 if, though 等引导的分句中 ；were 型虚拟结构一般用于某些状语从句或名词性从句中。例如： 例 1 If this approach
22、 were adopted, children would be strong enough to withstand any “storm” in their life.例 2 It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer.例 3 If its message were confined merely to information-and that in itself would bedifficult if not impossible to achieve,
23、for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.例 4 Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behavior that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be.例 5 Wha
24、t has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.例 6 That concept implies educational opportunity for all children-the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his
25、 or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.例 7 If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine could be made less by good grades in chemistry and
26、 more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.例 8 And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.例 9 When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.例 10 As personal injury claims continue as be
27、fore, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything.例 11 How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? 例 12 NBAC will ask that Clintons 90-day ban on federal funds for hum
28、an cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law.6无人称结构无人称结构是指形式主语 it 引导的各种结构，具有客观严谨的表达特点。无人称结构一般主要有三种形式：It is+ 过去分词 +that 结构，It is +adj. +that 结构和 It is +n.+that 结构。1） It is+过去分词 +that 结构 这种无人称结构很多，在作文中随处可见。常见的有： It is reported that据报道It is hoped that. 人们/人们希望It is mentioned th
29、at有人提到It is learned that据了解It is authoritatively learned that据权威消息获悉/了解It is predicted that 据预测It has been found that有人/人们发现 It is usually considered that人们通常认为It is universally accepted that人们通常认为It is generally recognized that大家普遍承认的是It is established that据规定It was noted above that根据以上所述It will be
30、 seen that从此可以看出It will be seen from this that从此可以看出It must be admitted that必须承认的是 It must be pointed out that必须指出的是 It may be safely said that 我们可以放心地说It has been illustrated that已经说明的是 It has been proved that必须指出的是It must be said without exaggeration that 可以毫不夸张地说It is alleged that据称It cannot be d
31、enied that不可否认的是It is assumed that大家/人们认为It has been viewed that大家/ 人们认为It is understood that 大家/人们认为It is believed that大家/人们认为 It is generally considered that人们普遍认为 It is generally agreed that大家普遍认为It is claimed that有人认为It is asserted that可以断定的是It is hoped that人们希望It is expected that可以预料/期望的是 It is
32、 pointed out that必须指出的是It is estimated that据估计It is recommended that有人建议 It is proposed that有人建议It is stressed that必须强调的是2） It is +adj. +that 结构这种无人称结构后面的 that 分句中需要使用(should)be 型的虚拟结构。常用的结构有：It is important that重要的是It is essential that至关重要的是It is crucial that十分关键的是It is vital that重要的是It is critical
33、 that十分关键的是 It is indispensable that不可缺少的是It is necessary that很有必要的是 It is imperative that必要的是 It is appropriate that 正确的是 ；是恰当的It is advisable that 是合理的或明智的It is apparent that明显的是；显然It is clear that显然It is evident that 是不言而喻的It is strange that奇怪的是It is likely that可能It is possible that可能It is prefer
34、able that更可取的是It is fortunate/ lucky that幸运的是 It is desirable that更可取的是；应该It is true that说真的；诚然3） It is +n.+that 结构这种无人称结构虽没有以上两种那么多，但在写作也常常用到。常见的有：It is a pity that遗憾的是It is a shame that令人可耻的是 It is (high/tall) time that 是时间到了；应该是时候了It is a coincidence that凑巧的是 It is a truism that不言而喻的是6 比较结构比较结构在写
35、作中运用之广令人惊叹。这里所说的比较结构除了常规意义上的morethan 或 less than 之类的一般比较结构，还包括其他更为复杂的强调比较结构（主要用来加强语气）和特殊比较结构。例如： 例 1 Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.（more than 引导一般比较级，表示“比更 ”） 例 2 By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult
36、to determine, sice by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way.（much more 引导强调比较级，表示 “比更得多” ）例 3 The individual now has more information available than any genegration, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or heer specific
37、problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.（morethan any以比较级形式表示最高级的含义， 表示“比任何更” ）例 4 Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than ha
38、s ever been possible before.（morethan has ever been以比较级形式表示最高级的含义，表示“比以往任何时候都更” ）例 5 Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.( nowhere /nothing is morethan 以比较级形式表示最高级的含义，表示“没有比更”) 例 6 Few pastimes bring a family closer than gathe
39、ring around and listening to mother or father read stories, and discussing our problems, or playing games and having a family outing.（few things are morethan以比较级形式表示最高级的含义，表示“ 没有比更” ）例 7 As a result, Californias growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percentlittle more than two thirds in the
40、1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states. （little more than 表示 “只是，仅仅，不过是” ）例 8 Knowledge can no more be acquired without hard work than swimming can be learned without constant practice.（no morethan 表示“同一样不 ” ）例 9 He is not a poet any more than I am a scholar.（notany
41、more than 表示“同一样不” ）例 10 Your explanation does not so much enlighten us as confuse us.（not so muchas 表示“与其 不如” 或“ 不是 而是” ）例 11 She is no less selfish than she used to be. （no lessthan 表示“ 和一样” ）例 12 His analysis of the poem is nothing like/near as /so penetrating as yours.（nothing like/near as/soas
42、表示“远远不象那样” ）例 13 Even if its true that the presidents announcement was nothing more than a bit of election-year candy, its getting some very serious attention from some very smart people. （nothing more than 表示“ 只不过是，只是，仅仅是，无非是” ）例 14 When Japanese scientists diagnosed a cow with bovine spongiform en
43、cephalopathy (BSE) in September 2001, it was nothing less than a national crisis.（nothing less than 表示“不亚于，简直是，就是” ）例 15 Hitlers mistakes gave Roosevelt the victory; just as at waterloo it was less Wellington who won than Napoleon who lost.（lessthan 表示“与其说不如说”或“ 不是而是” ）例 16 Their lives are no less e
44、mpty than those of their subordinates.（no lessthan 表示“和一样” ）例 17 One can tell the difference almost at a glance for a spider has eight legs and an insect never more than six.（never/ no/nothing more than 表示“只是，仅仅，不过是” ）例 18 Although not yet finalized, the takeover has sparked fears, in South Korea th
45、at China might soon pose more of a threat than an opportunity.（morethan 表示“不是而是” 或“与其说不如说” 或“ 不是 而是” ）例 19 It is not easy to impart knowledge any more than it is to acquire knowledge. （not A any more than B 表示“ 既不是 B,也不是 A”或“A 和 B 都不是 ” ）例 20 If machines really thought as man do, there would be no m
46、ore reason to fear them than to fear man. （no more A than B 表示“不正如不”或“A 和 B 都不” ）英译汉比较级1. California on the whole has a climate milder all the year round than that of any other places in the Continental United States. 译文 1 与美国大陆其它地方相比，大体上加州全年气候更为温和。 译文 2 大体上说，美国大陆哪个地方的全年气候也没有加州那么温和。译文 3 大体上说，在整个美国大陆
47、上，加州的全年气候是最温和的。2. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large number of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States. 译文 1 尽管美国生产的汽车比其他国家要多，但它仍从德国、日本和瑞典大量进口汽车，这主要是因为美国市场有这种需求。 译文 2 尽
48、管美国的汽车产量居世界首位，但它仍从德国、日本和瑞典进口大量汽车，这主要是因为美国市场这一需求。 3. It is well known that ice is not as dense as water and therefore floats. 译文 1 众所周知，冰的密度没有水大，因而能否在水上。译文 2 众所周知，冰上密度比水小，因而能浮在水上。4 .He left the white house a wiser but sadder man. 译文 他离开白宫时比以前更睿智，但也更伤感。5. It would perhaps be more natural, as well as in better conformity with the will of God, if there were more celibates and if those who were married had larger families.译文 如果有更多的人不结婚，如果结婚的人子女再多些，这也许将更符合上帝的旨意，符合自然之道。 二特殊比较级英语的比较句式除了用于表示常见的比较意义以外，还有一些特殊的用法值得注意。1. American presidents tend to be judged less by the good deeds
