1、1.Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earths surface，the deep ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space(定语后置 in some ways)由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境
2、，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earths surface 原因状语the deepocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans 主句in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space 后置定语，修饰 a hostile environment to humans整个句子
3、结构是：原因状语+主句 +后置定语这是一个主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。2.Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the countrys impressive population growth(倒装结构 Basic to any understandingis)要理解二战之后 20 年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。该句的正常语序是 The countrys impressive
4、 population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是 is.3.As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely pub
5、licized and form the basis for folklore(同位语从句 claims that)本句的主句结构是 claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore. 那些观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。同位语从句是 that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health：只食用绿色
6、食品就能防治疾病或增进健康本句的机构是主句内部嵌套一个同位语从句，结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。4.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs，that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains
7、 and the like(并列同位语从句 reports that，that，that)关于天然维生素优于人造维生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。5The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North，though less spectacularly(同位语从句 fact that)南方极为严重的困境使北方同样需要开始重建(尽管不像南方那么引
8、人注目) 这一事实显得不太重要。6The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl (宾语从句 what we now know as)现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，这一可能性激发了一场房地产开发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。7.But these factors do
9、not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth(of 结构作定语：of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs)但这些因素并不能解释这个有趣的问题：为何在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群。
10、8.Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 50 miles in extent，the two captains set out(同位语从句 rumors that)当时有一些传言，说有史前的猛犸在这一陌生的区域活动，而且在这一区域的某个地方有一座巨大的盐石山，其面积达 80 英里长 50 英里宽。就在这些传言中，两位上尉出发了。9.
11、 In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord，and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group，a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century(同位语 a supremacy)17 世纪时，管风琴，敲弦琴和拨弦琴成为键盘类乐器的主要成员，这种至高无上的地位一直由它们保持，直到 18 世纪末被钢琴所取
12、代。10A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality，finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most
13、 delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance(介词结构 fromto作定语)持续到 19 世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，改善金架，以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝，最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器 这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。11The largest, later named Pueblo Bonit
14、o(Pretty Town)by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories，contained more than 800 rooms，and could have housed a population of 1，000 or more (虚拟语气)最大的一座后来被西班牙人称为 Pueblo Bonito(美丽的城镇)，是一个五层梯式楼，有 800 多问房子，能够容纳 1 000 人以上。12Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，
15、the film has never been，in the full sense of the word, silent(倒装 accustomed though we are=though we are accustomed)虽然我们习惯于将 1927 年以前的电影叫做“无声电影” ，但是就“无声 这个词的完整意义上说，电影从未真正的无声过。13.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader
16、of the orchestra，and very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces(特殊结构 notSO much as与其说不如说)在好些年内，为各部影片选择配乐的权力完全掌握在乐队指挥或队长手中，而通常担任这种职位的资格与其说是技巧或鉴赏品位，不如说是个人拥有音乐作品的丰富收藏。14Coincident with
17、concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity，the number of species in a particular ecosystem，to the health of the Earth and human well-being(倒装 coincident with concernshas been=has been coincident with concerns
18、)在对物种和动物栖息地加速消失表示关注的同时，人们也越来越认识到生物多样化，即一个特定生态系统中物种的数量对地球的健康以及人类幸福的重要性。15.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the worlds rain forests does not seem surprising， considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species (同位语从句 fact that；定语从句 that comprise
19、the bulk)考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量，认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事实看起来并不令人吃惊。16.To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea，it helps to think small (特殊结构 it helps to做有帮助) 要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性，从小的角度思考有帮助。1 7.Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks，but a collection of facts
20、 cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house(特殊结构 not any more than 像一样不)科学建立在事实上，就像房子用砖砌成一样。但收集的事实不能被叫做科学，就像一堆砖不能被称为房子一样。18.The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities(从句 which sideis used作 corr
21、esponds to 的宾语两个半球之间的不同与身体的哪一部分用于进行特定的活动是对应的。19.In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence on the essentially
22、mimetic quality of her fiction(特殊结构 characterized by以为特征)尽管处于一个以抛弃大量现实主义传统(以作家约翰 巴思、唐纳德 巴塞尔姆和托马斯品钦为代表)为特征的时代，乔伊斯卡罗尔 欧茨因为坚持自己小说本质上模仿的特点，有时候看起来是一个坚定的守旧派。20If it were not for this faculty，they would devour all the food available in short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence(虚拟语气)如
23、果不是具有这种能力，它们就会在短时间内吞掉所有能得到的食物，而且很可能会因饿死而灭绝。21Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures，as are social classes(倒装 as are social classes) 个人主义和社会阶层在民间文化群体中的发展十分薄弱。22People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nations econo
24、my would bring social chaos(同位语从句 prospect that)19 世纪的美国人因为害怕国家经济中史无前例的变化会带来社会混乱这一前景而提心吊胆。23Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nations labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pu
25、rsuits(倒装 Accompanying that growth was a structural change that=A structural changewas accompanying that growth)伴随着这一增长的是一个结构变化，它以经济的不断多样化和国家劳动力从农业到制造业和其他非农业职业的逐渐转化为特征。24As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home(倒装 so did)随着男人和
26、女人在社会中扮演的角色被限定的更加严格，他们在家中的角色也是如此。25. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.(sepal 花萼，萼片 petal 花瓣）（倒装 Surrounding the column are.)围绕着蕊住的是三个萼片和三个花瓣，有时候很容易辨认出来，但经常被扭成华丽、奇特但总是有用的
27、形状。26. With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second Word War and the economic boom that followed it, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.（倒装 than had their predecessors 比较结构的第二部分）随着二战带来的持
28、续繁荣以及随之而来的经济增长，年轻人比大萧条中的同龄人结婚成家更早，而且养育的家庭比他们的前辈更大。27. The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature; furthermore, in its manifestation of speed and noise, it might be a despoiler of human nature as well. （despoiler 掠夺者 manifestation 表现，表明）（关联结构 could be and was)铁路可以，事实上也是自然的掠夺者；而且，在其速度和噪音的表现上也
29、可能是人性的掠夺者。28. In the railroads prime years, between 1890 and 1920, there were a few individuals in the United States, most of them with solid railroading experience behind them, who made a profession of writing about railroading-works offering the ambience of stations, yards, and locomotive cabs. （p
30、rime 黄金时期 railroading 铁路建设和经营locomotive cab 机车，火车头）（同位语 most of them;定语从句 who made a profession of writing）在 1890 年到 1920 年间铁路的黄金时期，美国有几个人（他们大多有丰富的铁路经验）以写铁路题材为职业- 作品围绕车站、停车场和机车。29. On the other hand, when it comes to substantive-particularly behavioral-information, crows are less well known than man
31、y comparably common species and, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones: the endangered California condor, to cite one obvious example.（condor 秃鹫）（特殊结构 for that matter）在另一方面，当涉及实质性的，特别是行为方面的信息时，乌鸦就不如许多比较而言很普通的鸟类那样为人所知；而且，也不如许多很不寻常的鸟类，举一个明显的例子，如像濒危的加利福尼亚大秃鹫那样为人所知。30. Keen observers and quick
32、learners, they are astute about the intentions of other creatures, including researchers, and adept at avoiding them.（keen 敏锐的 astute 精明的，敏锐的）（并列同位语 keen observers and quick learners）乌鸦是敏锐的观察家和快捷的学习者，它们对其他生物（包括研究人员）的意图感觉非常敏锐，并且善于多开它们。31. These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work c
33、an be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history, providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented.（宾语从句 demonstrate that.;特殊结构 otherwise）这些研究人员已经力图证实它们的工作不仅可以成为科学而且还是历史的宝贵工具，为了解普通人的日常生活提供新的观点，否则这些普通人的生存状态不可能被记载的
34、这么好。32Legend has it that sometime toward the end of the Civil War(1861-1865)a government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm and had to be abandoned(特殊结构 Legend has it that=There is a legend that)传说在内战(1861-1865) 快结束的某个时候，一列载着牛群的政府的火
35、车在穿过怀俄明州东部的北部平原时遇到了暴风雪，因此不得不被遗弃。33It is a lifelong process，a process that starts long before the start of school and one that should be an integral part of ones entire life(并列同位语 a process that，and one that)教育是一个终生的过程，早在人们上学之前就开始了。它应成为人的一生中不可缺少的一部分。34Lifes transition from the sea to the land was per
36、haps as much of an evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life(特殊结构 as muchas；倒装 as was the genesis of life) 生命从海洋到陆地的过渡可能是一个像生命起源那样的进化挑战。35In agriculture，the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators，the cotton presses，the warehouses，and the commodity exchanges that se
37、emed to so many of the nations farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them(特殊结构 marked by；定语从句 that seemedthe visible sign)在农业上，这一变化的标志是谷物升降机、皮棉打包机厂、货栈和商品交换的出现,对全国的众多农民来说它们是反对农民的大阴谋的明显标志。36And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided
38、over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building(where 引导定语从句；what 引导的从句作 presided over 的宾语)仍然有像金属制造厂一类的工厂，在那里个体承包商管理在同一幢楼里的本质上是手工艺品所有人的工场。37But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 84 mill
39、ion in 1920the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned， as did the size of the average plant(倒装结构 as did)但随着制造业中挣工资的人数从 1880 年的 270 万上升到 1900 年的450 万到 1920 年的 840 万，像费城的包德温机车工厂这样的大型工厂的数量也大幅增加，同时普通工厂的规模也剧增。38What we today call American folk art was，indeed, ar
40、t of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kindsand especially for portraits(what 引导的从句作主语；介词结构(art)of，by，and for所有、所创和所享的(艺术) 我们今天所称的美国民间艺术确实是被普通民众所有、所创和所享的艺术。随着日渐繁荣和不断增加的空闲，这些民众为各种艺术，尤其是肖像艺术创造了一个市场。39But in the heyday o
41、f portrait painting-from the late eighteenth century until the 1850sanyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner as such a portraitist was called.(as 引导方式状语从句)但是在肖像画的全盛期 从 18 世纪晚期一直到 19 世纪 50 年代任何一个稍有艺术能力的人都能够成为一个绘画者(人们当时就是这样称呼一个肖像画家的)。40The sculptural legacy that the new United S
42、tates inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one， and in fact，in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople(并列句；特殊结构 far from) 新生的美国从其殖民地时期的先辈那里继承的雕塑遗产远远谈不上丰富，而且，实际上在410n the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired，America
43、ns turned to foreign sculptors，as in the 1770s when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina，commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt(句子主干是 Americans turned to foreign sculptors；两个 when 都引导定语从句：occasion when ，1770s when；as(in the 1770s)的意思是“ 正如”)在
44、少数情况下，当需要一件精美的雕刻品时，就像 1770 年纽约与南卡罗来纳的查尔斯顿城委托英国人约瑟夫 威尔顿制造威廉 皮特的大理石雕像一样，美国人求助于外国人。42Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans originally trained as stonemasons，carpenters，or cabinetmakers-attacked the medium from which they were to make their images，and one understands more fully the dev
45、elopment of sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century(add to this the timidity=add the timidityto this 为祈使句，相当于一个条件句：if one adds to this the timidity)这个再加上没有受过学校教育的艺人 他们最初是被训练为石匠、木匠或家具木工的 对待他们要制作成雕像的媒介物的胆怯，使人更充分地了解 18 世纪晚期美国雕刻艺术的发展。43Instead of trying to keep down the body t
46、emperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy，desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height，and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grants gazelles(what 引导的从句作 rise to 的宾语)沙漠哺乳动物并不试图将体温控制
47、得很低，因为这么做将会涉及水和能量的消耗，而是允许体温上升到平常是高烧的温度 有人在格兰特羚羊身上曾测到高达 46 摄氏度的体温。44Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent.(whereby=by which，引导定语从句，表示手段) 租金管制是政府借以告诉房主他们可以收取多少租金的系统。45They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970s，
48、which ，combined with Californias rapid population growth，pushed housing prices，as well as rents, to record levels(which 引导非限定性定语从句)它们受到了 20 世纪 70 年代通货膨胀的刺激，这次通货膨胀与加利福尼亚人口的迅速增长结合在一起，将房价与租金推到了创纪录的水平。46Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well：that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and
49、expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony(倒装结构 Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well=An aesthetic principle is implicit in it as well，that 引导的句子做 principle 的同位语)其中也蕴涵一个美学原则：用于雕刻的媒介物有一定的美和富于表现力的特性，雕刻家必须使他们自己的审美感与这些特性融为和谐的体。47With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration，such as wooden African figures
