1、三.巩固练习:1、I ll give the book to him as soon as he _ back.2、Has the baby _ crying yet? (stop)3、I don t know whether Mother _ me to Beijing next month.(take)4、She _ on her coat and went out. (put)5、 “What are they doing?“ “They _ ready for the sports meeting.“ (get)6、The boy asked his mother _him go an
2、d play basketball.(let)7、Im sorry to keep you _ for a long time. (wait)8、It _ (take) him half an hour _ (finish) his homework yesterday.9、If it _ an interesting film, well see it tomorrow. (be)10、They usually _ (do) their homework after supper.11、Listen! Who _(sing) in the next room now?12、_(be) you
3、r parents in Shanghai last year?13、Mr. Yu _(teach) us maths since 1982.14、They will have a trip to the Great Wall if it _ (not rain) tomorrow.15、Li Ming often _ (listen) to the radio in the morning.16、A: “Father, may I go out and play football?“ B: “_you _(do) your homework?“17、All the people in the
4、 town are glad _(hear) that a famous musician _ a concert this Saturday evening.( give)18、Our teacher told us if it _(not snow) we would visit the Science Museum the next day.19、They often _ (play) football in the afternoon.20、A: Whatre you doing Dad? B: I _ (mend) the radio.21、Lets _(carry) the box
5、es to the house.22、Yesterday she _ (want) very much to see the film, but she couldnt _(get) a ticket.23、I _(write) to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.24、Mike _(visit) several places since he came to Beijing.25、He _ (write) four letters to his wife every month.26、Don t make any noise, Grandma _ (sle
6、ep).27、His aunt _ (do) some cooking when he came in .28、When they _ (reach) the station, the train had already left.29、There _ (be) a meeting next Monday.30、We _ (know) each other since our boyhood31、Sometimes my father _ (come) back home late.32、They _ (have) an English evening next week.33、Im very
7、 glad_ (hear) that.34、Wei Fang isnt here. She _ (go) to the reading-room.35、The story _ (happen) long ago.36、They _ (visit) the History Museum last week.37、Zhang Hong _ (make) many friends since she came to Paris.38、She _ (go) to the cinema with her classmates tomorrow evening.39、Stay here, bag. Don
8、t go out. It _(rain) now.40、Li Ping_ (write) a composition every week.41、The scientist _ (give) us a talk yesterday.42、My parents _ (live) in Beijing since 1949.43、Look! The young worker_ (show) the students around the factory now.44、They _ (build) a new bridge over the river next year.45、The studen
9、ts_ (clean) their classroom tomorrow.46、The windows of our lab _ (clean) once a week.47、Our teacher _ (join) the party twenty years ago.48、The boys_ (have) a basketball match now. Lets _(go) and _(watch).49、She_ (work) in this factory for ten years.50、 “What makes you _ (think) Im a farmer?“ the Fre
10、nchman asked.四.答案 1. comes 2. stopped 3. will take 4. put5. are getting 6. to let 7. waiting8. took . to finish9. is 10. do 11. is singing 12. Was 13. has taught 14. doesnt rain15. listens 16. Have . done 17. to hear . will give 18. didnt snow 19. play20. am mending 21. carry 22. wanted , get 23. wi
11、ll write 24. has visited 25. writes26. is sleeping 27. was doing 28. reached 29. will be 30. have known 31. comes32. will have 33. to hear 34. has gone 35. happened 36. visited 37. has made 38. will go39. is raining 40. writes 41. gave 42. have lived 43. is showing 44. will build45. will clean 46. i
12、s cleaned 47. joined 48. are having, go . watch 49. has worked think第三章 动词的语态一.概念:动词的语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语之间语法或语义的关系.英语的语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.主动语态用于主动句 ,表示主语是动作的执行者.被动语态用于被动句,表示主语是动作的承受者.主动语态的构成方式与动词时态相同,而被动语态由 助动词be+过去分词 构成,有人称,数,时态的变化.二. 相关知识点精讲1. let 的用法 1）当 let 后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带 to 的不定式。例如：They let
13、the strange go.他们放陌生人走了。- The strange was let go.2）当 let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用 allow 或 permit 代替。例如：The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院的同学。- I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.2.短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如：My sister will be taken ca
14、re of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻。3. 表示“据说“或“相信“ 的词组，基本上由 believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand 等组成。例如： It is said that. 据说 It is reported that. 据报道 It is believed that. 大家相信 It is hoped that. 大家希望It is
15、well known that. 众所周知 It is thought that. 大家认为It is suggested that. 据建议 It is taken granted that. 被视为当然 It has been decided that. 大家决定 It must be remember that. 务必记住的是4. 不用被动语态的情况 1） 不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如 appear, die disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, c
16、ome true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place 等没有无被动语态。例如：After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。比较：rise, fall, happen 是不及物动词；raise, seat 是及物动词。要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如 fit, have, hold, marry
17、, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to 等。例如：This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。3） 系动词无被动语态，如 appear, be become, fall, fee
18、l, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn 等。例如：It sounds good. 听上去不错。4） 带同源宾语的及物动词如 die/death, dream/dream， live/life 等，以及反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态。例如：She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。5） 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如：（对） She likes to swim.（错） To swim is liked by her.5. 主动形式
19、表示被动意义 1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell 等。例如：The book sells well. 这本书销路好。This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。2）blame, let（出租）, remain, keep, rent, build 等。例如：I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了，我该受指责。Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。3） 在 need, require, want, wo
20、rth （形容词）, deserve 后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如：The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。4）特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood （使别人能听见 /理解自己）等。例如：Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。6. 被动形式表示主动意义，如 be determined, be pleased, be gr
21、aduated （from ）, be prepared （for）, be occupied （in）, get married 等。例如：He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。注意：表示同某人结婚，用 marry sb. 或 get married to sb.均可。例如：He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。He got married to a rich girl.7.need/want/require/worth 当 need, want, require, be worth 后面接
22、doing 时，表示的是被动意义。例如：Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。中英语被动语态讲解一、被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由 be过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变 化。以 do 为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时例 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.2） has /have been done 现在完成时例
23、 All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时例 A new cinema is being built here4） was/were done 一般过去时例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5） had been done 过去完成时例 By the end of last year, another new gym
24、nasium had been completed in Beijing.6） was/were being done 过去进行时例 A meeting was being held when I was there.7） shall/will be done/ be going to be done/ be about to be done/ be to be to done 一般将来时例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8） should/would be done/ waswere going to be done/
25、 waswere about to be done/waswere to be to done 一般将来时例 The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9） shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）例 The project will have been completed before July.10） should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用）例 He told me that his new clothes would have
26、been made very soon.2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式1) 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。例 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语， 另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday
27、.3) 当“动词+宾语+ 宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役动词 have, make, get 以及感官动词 see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe 等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式 to 要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加 to。例 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building
28、. 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”， “动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。例 I dont like being laughed at in the public.二、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示
29、“据说”或“相信”的动词如 believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think 等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that 从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.” 。有：It is said that 据说,It is reported that据报道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望， It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为，It is suggested that据建议。 例 It is said that th
30、e boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）三、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean ，drive，lock，open，sell，read ，write ，wash 等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The do
31、or wont lock （指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁” 是人的原因）2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out 等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词 feel, sound, tast
32、e, book, feel 等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例 Your reason sounds reasonable.四、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。1 在 need，want ，require, bear 等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing（to be repaired） 这房子需要修理。2 形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而 worthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例 The pic
33、ture-book is well worth reading （The picture-book is very worthy to be read ）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do 与 things 是动宾关系，与I 是主谓关系。)试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态
34、作定语表明 you 不是 post 动作的执行者。)4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit ，hard ，difficult，important ，impossible，pleasant，interesting 等。例 This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作 to work out 省略了 for me）.5 在 too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例 This book
35、is too expensive (for me) to buy.6. 在 there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例 There is no time to lose（to be lost） （用 to lose 可看成 for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time 不明确。 ）7. 在 be to do 结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词 rent,blame,let 等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blam
36、e for starting the fire?五、介词 in, on, under 等+ 名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中） , under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中） 。例 The building is under construction( is
37、 being constructed).2 “beyond+名词”结构， “出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信 )， beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及） ，beyond ones control（无法控制） ，beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及 。例 The rumour is beyond belief（=cant be believed） 3.“above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等 ) 超过、高于”。例 His honest character is above all praise=His honest
38、 character cannot be praised enough4 “for+名词”结构，表示 “适于、 为着”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。例 That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).5 “in+名词”结构 ，表示“在过程中或范围内 ”常见的有：in print（在印刷中） ，in sight(在视野范围内 )，等。 例 The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed)6 “on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事 中”。常见的有：on sale(
39、出售)，on show（展出）, on trial （受审） 。例 Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).7 “out of+名词”结构 ； 表示 “超出 之外“，常见的有：out of control (控制不了 )，out of sight （超出视线之外） ，out of ones reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行) 等。 例 The plane was out of control (cant be controlled) 。8 “within+名词”结构， “
40、在内、不超过”。例 He took two days off within the teachers permission六、被动语态与系表结构的区别当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be 后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：1如果强调动作或句中有介词 by 引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例 The glass is broken （系表结构）The glass was broken by the boy （被动语态）2如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。例 The door i
41、s locked （系表结构）The door hasalready/just been locked （被动语态）3被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词 be 只有一般时态和完成时态。例 The machine is being repaired七、被动语态与高考试题赏析1 高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析1). In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. (NMET1993)A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served解析 B 因为 se
42、rve 是及物动词，其动作承受者 tea 作主语，表示经常发生的情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态。2). This is Teds phone. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.(NMET2002)A. killed B. is killedC. was killed D. was killing解析 C Ted 是 kill 的承受者，用被动语态，且 Ted 救人发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。3). - Have you moved into the new house?- Not ye
43、t, the rooms _. (NMET1991) A. are being painted B. are paintingC. are painted D. are being painting解析 A “house”和“paint”应该是被动的关系，排除 B，D。后者未搬进新居的原因是房子正在油漆，所以要用现在进行时的被动语态。不能用一般现在时表示习惯性动作，排除 C。4). When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. （上海春 2003）A. are not decided B. have not been decided
44、C. is not being decided D. has not been decided解析 D decide 是及物动词，动作的发出者通常是人，句中的主语是动作的承受者，所以 decide 要用被动语态。从题干的语境和关键词 yet，可判断用现在完成时，不定式做主语用单数，故用现在完成时的被动语态。5). The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets _.（上海春 2001）A. was booked B. had been bookedC. were book
45、ed D. have been booked解析 B 句中 tickets 是 book(订票)的承受者，主谓为被动关系，又因票已被订出应发生在 entered the office 这个过去动作之前，所以要用过去完成时的被动语态。2高考对非谓语动词语态的考查当非谓语动词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者时, 须用被动式。弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的执行与承受关系是掌握非谓语动词语态的关键。1). Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it
46、. (NMET2002)A. to see B. to be seenC. seeing D. seen解析 B 根据题意，那对老夫妇是否到国外旅行是将来的动作，应使用不定式，故排除掉 C、D 两项；又因 remains 的逻辑主语 it 是动词 see 说表示动作的承受者，即“ 到国外旅行 ”这件事，这件事有待于 “被决定”，应使用动词不定式的被动形式。2). While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. （上海 1996）A. to persuaded B.
47、 persuadingC. being persuaded D. be persuaded解析 C cant help doing “禁不住做某事”，排除 A 和 D；顾客应是“被劝说”购物的，要用动名词的被动语态。3）. I feel it is your husband who _ for the spoiled child. （上海 2002）A. is to blame B. is going to blameC. is to be blamed D. should blame解析 A feel 的宾语从句为强调句型，在 be to do 结构中，在某些场合可用不定式的主动语态表示被动语态，如 to blame， to let 等。【强化训练】1. If city noises _ from increasing，people _ shout to be heard even at dinnerA are not kept；will have toB are not kept；haveC do not keep；will have toD do not keep；have to2. The fifth generation computers, with arti
