1、2002年版,Chapter 9,2002年版,Chapter 9,2002年版,Chapter 9,From GATT to WTO,Background Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act Trade War Great Depression GATT WTO The Main Difference,2002年版,Chapter 9,Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act,In 1930, the United States economy was entering into a downturn and domestic industries began to ask
2、 for protection from foreign imports in order to limit unemployment. The tariff act, called the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act because of its joint sponsorship by Representative Willis C. Hawley and Senator Reed Smoot, was signed (June, 1930) by President Hoover. the Smoot-Hawley Tariff raised taxes on imp
3、orted goods as high as 60 percent.,2002年版,Chapter 9,Trade War,Soon all nations were raising tariffs and rushing behind the walls of protectionism. The subsequent collapse of international trade(reduce 2/3) caused the Great Depression. In the two years after the imposition of the Smoot-Hawley tariff
4、in June 1930, the volume of U.S. imports fell over 40 percent.,2002年版,Chapter 9,2002年版,Chapter 9,134,2002年版,Chapter 9,1,2,3,4,2002年版,Chapter 9,2002年版,Chapter 9,Uruguay Round,Background: GATT focus on manufacturing; By 1990s, however, services sector outstrips value of manufacturing: 70% of 1st world
5、 GDP 50% of 3rd world GDP New protectionsim Subjects Fruits,2002年版,Chapter 9,2002年版,Chapter 9,2002年版,Chapter 9,中美农业合作协议 （1999、4、10）,焦点 TCK（小麦“矮猩黑穗病”） 美国四个州的柑橘品（地中海果蝇） 牛肉、猪肉和禽肉 让步 大幅增加农产品的关税配额，减少国家外贸垄断进口所占的比重； 承诺取消出口补贴 到2004年，总体关税降低到17，把美国有竞争优势的农产品关税降到14.5：其中大豆3，肉类和水果1012，乳制品1219,2002年版,Chapter 9,配额承
6、诺,万吨,2002年版,Chapter 9,2002年版,Chapter 9,The Extra Agreements,Intellectual property(the TRIPS),2002年版,Chapter 9,Agriculture,Market Accesstariffs only Domestic Supportsome you can, some you cant Export Subsidycut down Regulations for animal and plant products,2002年版,Chapter 9,Domestic Support,Not Permi
7、tted Amber Box：policies which support domestic price, or subsidize production ; They lead to over-production which will squeezes out imports or low-priced dumping on world market Permitted Green box They include government services such as research, disease control, infrastructure and food security;
8、 also include payments made directly to farmers that do not stimulate production. Blue box Certain government assistance programs to encourage agricultural and rural development in LDCs,2002年版,Chapter 9,Textile:back in the mainstream,19741995：MFA(Multifibre Agreement) Uruguay Round: ATC(Agreement on
9、 Textile and Cloth) Their difference:MFA ATC Exception to GATT under the free-trade Bilateral framework of WTO Quotas cut down quotas,2002年版,Chapter 9,GATS,Basic Principle Major Topics Bilateral agreement of China & US on financial services Telecommunication Basic Telecommunication Agreement基础电信协议 I
10、nformation Technology Agreement信息技术协议,2002年版,Chapter 9,2002年版,Chapter 9,2002年版,Chapter 9,Basic Telecommunication Agreement,1997年2月，占世界电信90以上份额的71个WTO成员国达成了全球基础电信协议。其主要内容是敦促各方向外国公司开放其市场，并结束国内市场上的垄断行为 。 其中，18个国家完全取消外国公司进入的限制； 47个国家允许外国电信公司对本国电信企业控股； 3个国家（印度等）允许外国公司在本国电信业占到25的股份。 有关机构预测，全球基础电信开放后的十年内，各
11、国用户因此可节省10000亿美元的开支。,2002年版,Chapter 9,Information Technology Agreement,参加全球基础电信协议的其中41个代表方又签订了信息技术协议，决定削减或取消包括计算机软件在内的200多种信息技术产品的关税。 根据一项相关统计，1997年全球信息技术市场总额为7549亿美元，其中，美国的比重为42.40，欧洲的比重为29.22，而亚太地区的比重则为21.26。也就是说，全球信息技术90以上的商品价值，是由目前签署该协议的41个成员方所创造的。,2002年版,Chapter 9,TRIPS,Types of intellectual property Broad issues,2002年版,Chapter 9,2002年版,Chapter 9,2002年版,Chapter 9,WTO Dispute Settle Body,
