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unit11 That Astounding Creator-Nature 5-6.ppt

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1、,Koala is Australias national treasure.英文名Koala bear来源于古代土著文字,意思是“no drink” .因为树袋熊从他们取食的桉树叶中获得所需的90%的水分,只在生病和干旱的时候喝水,当地人称它“克瓦勒”,意思也是“不喝水”。它每天18个小时处于睡眠状态,性情温顺,体态憨厚。,Australia has many strange beasts, one of the oddest of which is the koala.澳大利亚有很多奇兽,最奇怪之一的是考拉熊 。,桉树 eucalyptus ,juklpts 桉树果(洋草果):理气;健胃;

2、栽疟;止痒。主食积;腹胀;疟疾;皮炎;癣疮,teddy bear 泰迪熊(罗斯福熊),关于泰迪熊的诞生,有多个版本的传奇性故事。众所周知,泰迪熊名称的由来与美国第26任总统西奥多罗斯福有关,罗斯福的昵称就是泰迪。1902年秋天,这位喜欢狩猎的总统在密西西比河一带猎黑熊,却一直毫无收获。主办者留意到这个情形,于是将捕获的一只小黑熊绑在树上让总统射杀。但罗斯福断然拒绝了。当时这个传闻被画成讽刺漫画刊登于华盛顿邮报上。在纽约开杂货水果铺的俄裔人米德姆老夫妇看到漫画中那只惹人怜爱的小熊后,兴起了缝制熊玩偶的念头。由于他们制作的熊玩偶深受好评,后来便创立了创意玩具公司。这就是泰迪熊在美国发迹的故事。,P

3、erfectly adapted to one specific tree, the eucalyptus ,juklpts , this living teddy bear does not need anything else, not even a drink!这个活生生的的泰迪熊极适应一种特有的树桉树,其他什么都不需要,甚至一滴水也不需要!,分词或分词短语在句子中充当状语时,其逻辑主语与句子主语一致。Opening the drawer he took out a revolver.rvlv 左轮手枪 其中opening的逻辑主语是句子主语he。当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,则

4、应将分词的逻辑主语补出来。George yawning,the conversation dropped这种分词结构被称作独立主格结构。,独立主格结构基本构成形式 【名词(代词)+现在分词(过去分词;形容词;副词;不定式;名词;介词短语)】,在句中一般作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等,还可以作定语 1. 名词(代词)+现在分词 There being no bus, we had to walk home.(原因) 由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。 2. 名词(代词)+过去分词He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed

5、on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。 (伴随状况)3. 名词(代词)+不定式 The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.(主谓关系) 我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一。 Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. (动宾关系)种上许多的树、花和草后,我们新建的学校看上去

6、将更美。,4. 名词(代词)+形容词Computers very small, we can use them widely.电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。 5. 名词(代词)+副词 The lights off, we could not go on with the work.灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。 6. 名词(代词)+名词 His first shot failure,he fired again他第一枪没击中,又打了一枪。 7. 名词(代词) +介词短语 He lay at full length upon his stomach, his head resting upon

7、 his left forearm(地点) 他的脊背朝天,四肢伸展,头枕着左臂,直挺挺地趴伏着。,with,without 引导的独立主格结构 (多数情况下with 能省略,without 不能省略)with ( without)+宾语(名词/代词)+宾语补足语,宾语通常由名词或代词充当,但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。(without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式),分词的主语既不与句子主语一致,分词

8、本身又非独立主格结构。Going up the hill, the statue of Lincoln struck my eye 在登上山时,林肯的雕像十分引我注目。 Tired but happy,the bus whisked wsk us home 我们虽然疲乏,但很高兴,公共汽车飞快地把我们送到家。 上面两个句子中的分词结构在句子中找不到他们的逻辑主语,因而处于一种“垂悬”状态,即“无依着”状态,因而在语法上这种分词被称作垂悬分词(Dangling Participle)。垂悬分词从起源上来说,是语言的错误使用(Performance Error),即将分词的主语与句子的主语错误联系

9、,从而产生垂悬分词,所以有人又叫它错关联分词(Misrelated Participle),从使用场合和情况对垂悬分词进行分类 1当分词主语是不定人称时, When dining in the restaurant ,a jacket and tie are required . 2当分词的主语是表示时间、天气、自然现象等的无人称代词时, Being Christmas,the government offices were closed 3当分词的暗含主语是句子的整体时, Unknown to his closest advisers,he had secretly negotiated w

10、ith an enemy emissary 4在正式科技文章中,分词前常常带有连词,其主语通常与I,we,you等同. When installing a boiler,the floor space which is available is very important,5垂悬分词表明说话人对所说的话的方式、条件以及说话人的态度或看法 a说话者用垂悬分词引出话题,如:talking of,getting back to,coming to等,意思为“谈到,关于,回到”等,Getting back to our story,the princess was killedComing to t

11、his question,I say no b.垂悬分词表明说话者的说话方式,putting it mildly frankly /generally /roughly /broadly speaking等, Putting it mildly,you have caused us some inconvenience Generally speaking,dogs are more faithful to men than cats,c有些垂悬分词或词组表明说话的依据或视角,如:judging from,according to,considering,viewing it from,see

12、ing,如Judging from his expression, he is in a bad mood According to Barthes, the author had diedConsidering the low price,the car is worth buyingd 有些垂悬分词或词组还为说话者所说内容的成立提供条件,如:providing(that), provided(that),supposing,given,意思为“if或 with”,wanting和failing意思为“without”。如Supposing this to be true,he is cer

13、tainly the murderer,e表示转折性的垂悬分词或词组有:admitting that虽然说 纵使,considering(that),assuming that,seeing that鉴于,因为,granting that 即使 假定,granted that等,Admitting that he is drunk,that is no excusef有些垂悬分词或词组还可以表明说话者所说内容有无例外情况,如:barring,bating,excepting,excepted,saving that, 除了; including,counting, leavingto one

14、side,包括;除了还有,Barring this point,I agree with you ,垂悬结构就是一个句子成分,逻辑上与它所修饰的成分分离,或找不到逻辑上被修饰的对象,因而看起来好像与句子的其它部分无关,不合逻辑,是种错误的句法。虽然传统语法将垂悬结构视为正式文体中的一大禁忌,但在现代英语中,这种结构却屡见不鲜,具有可接受性。由于垂悬结构具有两重性特征,在语言实践中,我们对垂悬结构的使用宜取宽容、慎重的公正态度:既承认它的可用性,不一概摒弃;亦不否认它的非可用性,避免盲目滥用。 某些垂悬结构在语言使用习惯上具有可接受性,而有些垂悬结构则是属于语法错误,需要给以纠正,垂悬结构的这种

15、两重性,从某些程度上给我们的语言使用带来一定的困难。 一般来说,如果分词短语,不定式短语和介词短语等,找不到被修饰的主语或被修饰的对象而不合乎英语语法逻辑,这种垂悬结构就是种错误的句法,应该避免。Looking out of the window, the cow was seen eating grass in the fields.,The moisture in the leaves is just right for the koala, making it the only land animal that doesnt need water to supplement its fo

16、od.叶子的水分正好适合考拉,使它成为不需要水补充食物的唯一陆地动物。,The creature with the fishing line on its head was created for the dark canyon of the sea.头上有钩丝的生物是大海深峡谷创造的。canyon knjn n. 峡谷 Grand Canyon National Park (美国亚利桑那州 )大峡谷国家公园,prey on (upon) 1.(猛兽或鸟)捕食(另一兽或鸟)to haunt and kill another animal for foodThe lions in this ar

17、ea prey on deer and other wild animals.这个地方的狮子捕食鹿和其他野生动物。 2.掠夺;剥削;抢劫: confidence men who preyed upon the construction workers 剥削建筑工人的骗子 3.使痛苦;使烦恼;折磨,损害: Ill health had preyed on him for years. 疾病曾折磨他多年。 4.骗取,诈骗: He always preys on old women. 他经常诈骗老太太。 5.使受害: Pirates preyed upon the coast shipping 海盗

18、使沿海航运不得安宁,prey pre n. 猎物;受害者 be/fall prey to sth 1.(of an animal)被捕食,成为猎物 2.(of a person)受害,受坏影响,appendage pendd n. 附加物;下属;动解剖 附器(如植物的枝叶和动物的腿尾 ) append pend vt. 附加;贴上;盖章 append sth to sth (formal) :to add sth to the end of a piece of writing(在文章后面)附加;增补 Footnotes have been appended to the documents.

19、 该文件附加了脚注。,wiggle wg()l n.扭动 get a wiggle on 美俚赶快,赶紧(祈使句) v.to move from side to side or up and down in short quick movements (使)摇摆,摆动,扭动 A duck wiggled in the street. 一只鸭子扭动着身子在路上走。,Here food is so scarce that the deep-sea fish, which preys on smaller fish, grew a line, and an appendage on the end

20、that wiggles like a worm.那里食物稀少,捕食更小鱼的深海鱼会长出一条线形附加物,其末端扭动起来像条虫。,bait bet n.1 鱼饵,诱饵2 用作诱饵的人 rise to the bait 入圈套;上当受骗 v.1 下诱饵 He baited his hook with pie.他把馅饼放在钓钩上作饵。 2 (故意以侮辱性言语)激怒He delighted in baiting his mother.他以惹他妈妈生气为乐。3 纵犬袭击(野兽)bearbaiting 纵犬斗熊 cut bait 美国俚语中止;停止 fish or cut bait 全力以赴或索性放弃 ;

21、 明确做出决定,bait-and-switch 诱售法(以廉价招徕,再兜售较高价商品)是一种受到禁止的销售做法。销售商通常用广告劝诱顾客到自己的商场购买某商品,顾客来了之后设法让顾客“转向”到另一高利润的商品。比如,销售商做广告宣称以3折价出售A商品,但顾客到来后,说A商品已经售完,劝说顾客购买B商品,其实从一开始他们就没有打算卖A商品。,Swirl swl n. the shape of something rotating rapidly 漩涡;打旋;涡状形 v. usually+adv./prep. vi不及物 vt及物 1打旋 起漩涡 旋动 to move around quickly

22、 in a circleWater behind the boat swirled. 船后的水翻起无数个旋涡。Please help me to swirl the car;I cantt start it.汽车发动不起来了,你能帮我用曲柄摇一下吗。2 盘绕;回曲 Long vines swirl round the tree.长长的藤葛盘绕在树身上。All of his body was swirled with bandages.他的全身用绷带整个缠绕了起来。,3纷乱地通过(或流传):The reporters swirled out of the gate of the hall.记者们

23、纷乱地跑出了大厅。A rumour about the manager was swirled in the firm.有关经理的谣言在公司里传播开来。 4眼光,眩晕 the lights that swirl 令人眩晕的光线 When he came out of the basement,he was swirled by strong lights. 刚从地下室走出,他被强光照得眼睛发花。,angler gl n. 用不正当手段谋取好处的人;鮟鱇(俗称结巴鱼、哈蟆鱼、海哈蟆、琵琶鱼),This catches the attention of the occasional passerby. A fish approaches the bait, and the toothy angler swirls up and swallows him.这个偶尔引起经过者的注意。鱼接近诱饵时有凸牙的鮟鱇旋转把它吞食掉。,

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