1、语气：语气的定义和种类、虚拟语气的套用规则第一部分：语气的定义和种类1 语气(mood)语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2 语气的种类、陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。Were you busy all day yesterday? 昨天一整天你都很忙吗？How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊！、祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如：Never be late again
2、!再也不要迟到了。Dont forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。、虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如：If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。May you succeed!祝您成功！虚拟语气的套用规则非真实条件句 1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。a. 同现在事实相反的假设。 句型 ：条件从句 主句一般过去时 s
3、hould( would) +动词原形例句： If they were here, they would help you.b. 表示于过去事实相反的假设。句型：条件从句 主句 过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词例句： If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded. The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful. If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prev
4、ented me from going.If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater pr
5、ogress. c. 表示对将来的假想 句型： 条件从句 主句一般过去时 should+ 动词原形were+ 不定式 would + 动词原形should+ 动词原形If you succeeded, everything would be all right.If you should succeed, everything would be all right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.混合条件句：主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。If y
6、ou had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).虚拟条件句的倒装虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有 were, should, 或 had, 可将 if 省略，再把 were, should 或 had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, the
7、y could help us.Had you come earlier, you would have met him=If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Should it rain, the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用“were“，不用 was， 即在从句中be 用 were 代替。If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你
8、，就会去找他。If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。典型例题：_ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I答案 C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有 were, should, had 这三个词，通常将 if 省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I
9、 not to do., 而不能说 Werent I to do.特殊的虚拟语气词：should1） It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用 should 加动词原形， should 可省略。句型： (1)suggestedIt is (2)important that+ (should) do(3) a pity(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted； + (should) do(2)important, nec
10、essary, natural, strange，a pity, a shame, no wonder(3)It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.2）在宾语从句中的应用：在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) doI s
11、uggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.注意： 如 suggest, insist 不表示“建议“ 或“坚持要某人做某事时“，即它们用于其本意“暗示、表明“、“坚持认为“时，宾语从句用陈述语气。 The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules. 判断改错:（错） You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.(对) Your pale
12、face suggests that you are ill.(错) I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.(对) I insisted that you were wrong.3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用：在 suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice 等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.I make a propos
13、al that we (should) hold a meeting next week.wish 的用法1）用于 wish 后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：真实状况 wish 后 从句动作先于主句动词动作 现在时 过去时（be 的过去式为 were） 从句动作与主句动作同时发生 过去时 过去完成时（had + 过去分词） 将来不大可能实现的愿望 将来时 would/could +动词原形I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。He wished he hadnt said that. 他希望他没讲那
14、样的话。I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。2）Wish to do 表达法。 Wish sb / sth to doI wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)比较 if only 与 only ifonly if 表示“只有“；if only 则表示“如果就好了“。If only 也可用于陈述语气。I
15、wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了，就好了。If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。It is (high) time thatIt is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用 should 加动词原形，但 should 不可省略。It is time that the children went to bed.It is high time that the children should g
16、o to bed.need “不必做“和“本不该做“didnt need to do 表示： 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.neednt have done 表示： 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didnt need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she neednt have walked back home.
17、 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary 步行回家，没有遇上 John 的车。)第二部分：简单句中的虚拟语气 一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如：.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。二、表祝愿。1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时 may 须置于句首（多用于
18、正式文体中） 。、May good luck be yours!祝你好运！、May you be happy! 祝你快乐！、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。、May you be happy. (注意那个 be ) 祝你幸福。2、用动词原形。例如：(1).Long live the people! 人民万岁！(2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧师说：
19、“愿上帝保佑你！”(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！三、表示强烈愿望。 （该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s” ）(1).God save me(2).Heaven help us四、在一些习惯表达中。如：(1).Youd better set off now.你最好现在就出发。(2).Id rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。第三部分：从句中的虚拟语气 虚拟语气的重点是：虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，含蓄条
20、件句中的虚拟语气和表示愿望的虚拟形式等。虚拟语气是英语三级考试的必考知识点之一，也是体现英汉语言习惯区别的一个语法现象。在汉语里表示假设虚拟的情况常用一些虚词来表示，例如“假设”、“如果”等等；而英文中表示虚拟的情况不但有虚词的提示，谓语动词也要相应的变化。虚拟语气的基本作用是：1. 表达假设的情况，与事实相反；2. 表达异想天开很难实现的愿望；3. 表达建议、命令、劝告等语气。本节重在讲解 if 引导的虚拟条件句， 含蓄条件句，特殊结构中的虚拟语气，以及 should+动词原形的用法。一、虚拟语气的基本形式和用法虚拟(条件) 语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类：假设类型条件从句
21、谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式与现在事实相反 If+动词的过去式(be 用 were 而不用 was)would(第一人称可用 should)+动词原形与过去事实相反 If+had+-ed 分词 would(第一人称可用 should)+have+-ed 分词与将来事实可能相反 If+were to+动词原形或 If+should+动词原形 would(第一人称可用 should)+动词原形下面我们列举近年的真题来强化记忆。例(1)Mary said to me, “Had I seen your bag, I _ it to you.“A. will returnB. must returnC
22、. could returnD. would have returned(【 答案】D)(2004 年 4 月 45 题)例(2)I would ask George to lend us the money if I _ him.A. had knownB. have knownC. knewD. know(【 答案】C)(1995 年 38 题)例(3)If Bob_ with us; he would have had a good time.A. would come B. would have come C. had comeD. came(【 答案】C)(1995 年 59 题)
23、二、省略 if 的虚拟形式 在虚拟条件句中，如谓语包含 were，had，should 等词，则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略 if。例(1)_ the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business.A. If he tookB. If he should take C. Were he to takeD. Had he taken(【 答案】D)(2004 年 4 月 32 题)例(2)_, I should ask them some questions.A. Shou
24、ld they come to usB. If they come to usC. Were they come to usD. Had they come to us(【 答案】A)(1997 年 30 题)例(3)_ you were busy, I wouldnt have bothered you with my questions.A. If I realizedB. Had I realizedC. Did I have realized thatD. As I realized(【 答案】B)(1996 年 39 题)三、含蓄条件句 有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方
25、式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用 with，without，but for。例(1)Without heat and sunlight, plants on the earth _ well.A. would not growB. will not growC. had not grownD. would not be grown(【 答案】A)(2004 年 11 月 32 题)例(2)But for my classmates help, I _ the work in time.A. did not finishB. could not finishC. will not fini
26、shD. would not have finished(【 答案】D)(2004 年 4 月 36 题)例(3)But for the rain, we _ a nice holiday.A. should haveB. would have hadC. would haveD. will have had(【 答案】B)(2003 年 4 月 28 题)四、特殊词或结构中的虚拟语气： 以 wish(that)引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句 wish 后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中从句时态的应用。表示现在或将来的愿望用：主语wish 从句(主语过去时)
27、；表示一个过去没有实现的愿望用：主语wish +从句( 主语过去完成时)；例(1)I didnt go to the party, but I do wish I _ there.A. wereB. would beC. had beenD. will be(【答案】C)(2001 年 53 题)例(2)Peter wishes that he _ law instead of literature when he was in college.A. could studyB. studiedC. had studiedD. would study(【答案】C)(2000 年 53 题) if
28、 only +句子(过去时/过去完成时)“要是就好了”If only 后面的句子如果是对现在或将来情况的虚拟，用过去时 did ；如果是对过去情况的虚拟，用过去完成时 had done . 要注意与 if 区别，if 只表示假设， “如果” ，用真实语气；而 if only 表示不可能实现的情况，用虚拟语气。例如：If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响就好了。(对过去虚拟)If only I were rich. 要是我富有就好了。( 对现在虚拟) would rather句子( 过去时 )表示宁愿、宁可的意愿，语气比较婉转。后接过去式。例(1)I am
29、 too busy these days. I would rather all of you _ next month for a dinner.A. comeB. would come C. came D. have come(【答案】C)(2002 年 46 题) it is time(that)， it is high time (that)句型中，谓语动词用过去时，表示早该做而未做的事，意思是该了、早该了.例(1)Lets finish our homework in a few seconds; its time we _.A. played footballB. will pla
30、y footballC. play footballD. are playing football(【答案】A)(2004 年 11 月 43 题) 以 as if，as though 引导的从句在 as if， as though 引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，它们所引用的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和 wish 后面的从句动词形式变化相同。例：He talks as if he _ everything in the world.A. knowsB. knew C. had known D. would have known(【答案】B。本句表示说话人对现在的情况有所
31、怀疑，所以用过去时。)五、should+动词原形及 should 的省略 (1)、一些表示建议、要求、命令等的动词本身隐含说话者主观的意见。因此这些动词(或其变形，如名词，形容词，分词等) 后面的从句应使用虚拟语气，即 “should do”结构，其中的“should”常被省略。 如：表“提议、建议”的动词：suggest ,advise, propose, recommend, move(提议);表“要求、主张”的动词：insist, require, request, demand , desire ;表“命令”的动词：order, command.例(1)I dont think it
32、advisable that Tom _ to the job since he has no experience.A. be assigned B. is assigned C. will be assigned D. has been assigned(【答案】A)(2006 年 11 月 29 题)例(2)His mother insisted that he _ the coat when going out.A. put onB. puts onC. to putD. putting on(【答案】A)(1999 年 58 题) 此处省略了 should.例(3)The docto
33、r advised that Mr. Malan _ an operation right away so as to save his life.A. had B. would have C. have D. was going to have(【答案】C)(1998 年 28 题) 此处省略了 should.(2)、It is necessary/important/essential/ vital/urgent / surprising/ amazing that 引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用 should+原形动词，should 也可以省略。此类形容词的特点是表示重要性或吃惊。
34、例(1)it is vital that enough money_collected to get the project started.A. is B. be C must be D can be(【答案】B)(2004 年 11 月 24 题)例(2)It s urgent that a meeting _ before the final decision is made.A. will be arrangedB. must be arrangedC. be arranged D. would be arranged(【答案】C)(2003 年 4 月 45 题)(3)、以 in case, lest, for fear that 引起的状语从句，表示“以防，以免” 。其形式为should+动词原形。如：He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain.他把雨衣带在身上以防下雨。
