1、【内部资料 妥善保管 切勿外传】1【人教版选修六语法之】虚拟语气 Subjective Mood【学习目标】(1) 认识英语中三种语气的表达。(2) 重点学习虚拟语气的用法,从时间上认识虚拟语气的各种表达形式。(3) 了解虚拟语气在各类从句中的用法与效果。【知识归纳】 (让我们构建本课知识树)【探索新知】虚拟语气 (Subjective Mood)一. 语气(mood)(1) 语气的定义:语气是动词的一种形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法或态度。(2) 语气的种类:语气包括陈述语气,祈使语气和虚拟语气三类。判断以下各句分别是什么语气? There are two sides to ever
2、y question. Will you please lend me your dictionary? If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.Lets take a quiz【内部资料 妥善保管 切勿外传】2分析句不难看出:句是陈述语气,表示动作或状态是现实的,确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句,疑问句和某些感叹句。句句意:每个问题都有两面性。分析句不难看出,句是祈使语气,表示说话人对对方的请求或命令,其陈述形式是我们熟悉的祈使句。句句意:我可以借用一下你的字典吗?分析句不难看出,句是虚拟语气,表示所说的不是真实,或者不可能发生的情况,而是一种假设,愿
3、望或建议。句句意:如果我是一只鸟,我就可以在空中飞了。二虚拟语气的用法。虚拟语气:虚拟语气表示表示所说的不是真实,或者不可能发生的情况,而是一种假设,愿望或建议。我们学习虚拟语气,常和情态动词进行结合,放在从句的知识当中去运用。所以,虚拟语气是我们之前所学内容的扩充,要注意知识的连续性,温故知新,才能熟练掌握。(一)状语从句中的虚拟语气。(1)条件状语从句中的虚拟语气要根据时间的不同来选择不同的情况。(熟 记这 个表格!)三种相反的情况主句 从句与过去事实相反情况的假设与现在事实相反情况的假设与将来事实相反情况的假设在掌握这个表格的基础上,我们来看几个例句:(在括号中写出例句相反的情况)。 I
4、f I were you, I would go there at once. ( ) If my classmates saw me, they would laugh at me. ( ) If you had come here earlier, you would have seen our manager. ( ) If it should rain tomorrow, we would have a rest. ( )在掌握以上例句的基础上,试着自己写几个例句吧! 要是我哥哥在这儿,一切都没有问题了(be all right) 。_ 要是你按照我的建议(take my advice
5、) ,你不可能考试不及格(fail in the exam) 。_【内部资料 妥善保管 切勿外传】3 如果明天是周日,我就可能去看望我奶奶。_ 如果今晚下雪,他们就不出去了。_但是,学习条件状语从句的虚拟语气需要注意的几点:当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句的行为在时间上不一致时,这种虚拟条件句称为错综时间条件句;当句中表达的情况有真实情况也有虚拟情况时,这种虚拟条件句称为错综真假条件句。错综时间条件句和错综真假条件句总称为混合虚拟条件句。例如:If you had taken the doctors advice, you would be better now.分析:If you had st
6、udied hard, you would be a college student, but you didnt.分析:省略 if 的从句要进行部分倒装。 (这一点在倒装中也会提到)如果虚拟条件句中含有 were,should,had 三个词(had 必须是助动词) ,可以把 if省略,把这三个词提到主语之前构成不完全倒装。例如:Were I in your position, I would do the same.=_Had you come here earlier, you would have met her.= _Should it be fine tomorrow, we wo
7、uld go outing.=_有时假设的情况并不以条件句来表示,而是暗含在上下文中,比如通过介词(或介词短语)with ,without ,but for 等来表示。这种情况被称为含蓄条件句。例如:()What would you do with a million dollars?=_()We couldnt have finished the work in time without your help.=_除连词 if 外,还可以用连词 otherwise,or 等来连接。注意,它们一般需要真实的主句连缀虚拟的条件句。这些连词引导的条件句是可以和 If 条件句进行互化的。例如:I go
8、t up too late. Otherwise I would have got there on time.=If I had got up early, I would have got there on time.He told me about your arrival, or I would have known nothing about it.=_(2)方式状语从句中的虚拟语气。【内部资料 妥善保管 切勿外传】4方式状语从句中的虚拟语气在英语必修四卓别林那一课里讲过,主要用 as if(=as though)引导。但是注意 as if 也是可以引导真实条件句的,具体的语气需要通
9、过动词的形式来判断。例如:The man talks too much, as if he is drunk.The man talks too much, as if he were drunk.在这两个例句中,第一个有陈述语气的标志 is,所以第一个句子是真实的条件句,这个人说个不停,好像真的醉了。而第二个例句有虚拟语气的标志 were,所以第二个句子是虚拟条件句,这个人说个不停,好像是装醉。比较出不同后再来看几个方式状语从句中的虚拟语气的例子吧:The girl speaks English very well as if she were born in England.=The gi
10、rl speaks English very well as though she were born in England.He treats me as if I were a stranger.=_.(3)让步状语从句的虚拟语气由 even if,even though 引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中,主句和从句都用虚拟语气。动词形式与含有 if 引导的虚拟条件句的形式相同。例句:Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office.(三)宾语从句中的虚拟语气(1)在表示坚持、命令、建议、要求的动词后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气
11、 should+动词原形,其中 should 可以省略。具体的动词有:一个坚持(insist) ,两个命令(order,command) ,三个建议(suggest,advise,propose) ,四个要求(request,require ,demand,desire) 。例如:I demand that he (should) answer me immediately.The doctor advised that he (should) change his job.但是,当 suggest 表示“暗示,表明”时,insist 表示“坚持认为”时不用虚拟语气。Her pale look
12、 suggested that she was in poor health.The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.(2)wish 后跟的宾语从句一定用虚拟语气。其标志有:如果表示的是对现在情况的虚拟,从句用谓语动词的过去式,be 用 were.例句:I wish I knew the answer to the question.如果表示的是对过去情况的虚拟,从句谓语动词常用 had+过去分词。例句:I wish I hadnt spent so much money.(我后悔不该花掉那么多钱)如果表示的是将来的主观愿望,从句
13、谓语动词常用 would/could/might+动词原形。例句:I wish it would stop raining.(但愿雨能停)Wish 【内部资料 妥善保管 切勿外传】5但是需注意的两点:wish 后跟简单句时不一定用虚拟语气。如:Wish you success. I wish you to go to a key university. wish 本身可以是过去式,从句动词形式不受其影响,表示过去的某种愿望。例如:He wished that he hadnt told Lucy the bad news yesterday.(四)同位语从句和表语从句中的虚拟语气。回顾宾语从句
14、中的虚拟语气第一条规则,那些动词相应的名词形式均为抽象名词。所以它们作为中心词时后跟同位语从句或表语从句要用虚拟语气,形式为:should+动词原形,should 可省略。常见的有: suggestsuggestion,advise advice,dicidedicision,proposeproposal,形式未发生改变的有:demand,desire ,request ,order等。例如:My suggestion is that we (should) try our best to stop the pollution.=_The commanders order was that
15、the soldiers should start at once.=_It is reported that our government should pay more attention to the housing problem and solve them as soon as possible.=_(五)主语从句的虚拟语气记住一个句型:“It is +adj./-ed /n. +that”句型中,that 所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 should+动词原形的虚拟语气, should 可以省略。常用的形容词 natural,necessary,strange,importan
16、t ,surprising,essential 等常用的过去分词 demanded,required ,desired,suggested,ordered,decided,requested,recommended 等常用的名词(短语) duty,pity,regret ,no wonder,shame 等例句:It is important that every member (should) be informed.It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities.It is a pity that he (should)
17、 refuse to accept the offer.(六)定语从句的虚拟语气定语从句中的虚拟语气比较简单,记住一个句型:”It is (high/about) time that”句型中,time 为先行词,that为定语从句。定语从句中常用虚拟语气,形式一般为过去式,有时用 should+动词原形,但 should 不能省略。译作:是该做某事的时间了。例如:It is high time that we should do (did) our homework.(我们早该做作业了。 )【内部资料 妥善保管 切勿外传】6(七)虚拟语气的其它用法。(1) Would rather 后接从句用
18、虚拟语气 Would rather+主语+动词的过去式表示现在或将来情况; Would rather+主语+动词的过去完成式表示过去的情况。例如:Id rather he didnt go now. 要是他现在不走就好了Id rather you hadnt done that. 我宁愿你没做过那件事(实际上已经做了)再如:_ 要是你会开车就好了_ 要是他昨晚把车修好就好了(2)If only 引起的感叹句用虚拟语气表示与现在事实或未来事实相反的愿望,用过去时或 would / could+动词原形;表示与过去事实相反的愿望,用过去完成时。例如:If only I had not been b
19、usy last week! 要是我上周不忙多好啊!If only he didnt go now! 要是他现在不走多好啊!_ 要是你能学习刻苦一些多好啊!(3)用 may+动词原形,表示“祝愿” , “但愿” ,此时, may 需用于句首,且多用于非正式文体中。例如:May you be happy! 祝你快乐!May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你! (4)情态动词和虚拟语气在我们学习情态动词时,提到过好多“情态动词+have done”表虚拟。例如:表推测的有: _表虚拟的有: _ 【思考】学习虚拟语气应该从哪些方面入手?当做虚拟语气的练习时,我们应该怎样分析题目更加简单? 有没有什么更简单的应用方法?