1、第 11 章 状语从句（一）在复合句中修饰主句或主句中的某一成分的从句叫状语从句。状语从句通常由从属连词或起连词作用的词组引导，有时甚至不需要连词直接和主句连接起来。状语从句根据它表达的意思不同，可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等九类。一、时间状语从句时间状语从句是表示时间关系的从句。可以引导时间状语从句的连词很多，根据意义和主从句之间的时间关系，通常可分为以下几种情况：Awhen, while, as, wheneverwhen, while, as 表示主句谓语作和从句的谓语动作同时发生或几乎同时发生。1whenwhen 表示点时间时，从句中用短暂性动词；表示段时
2、间时，用持续性动词。When I got home, my family were having dinner.When they were still talking and laughing, the teacher came in.He waved a hello when he saw her.When you think you know nothing, you begin to know something.注意：当 when 意思是“正当时候（ and at that moment）“ 时， when 只能跟在前一分句之后。He was about to go to bed w
3、hen the doorbel rang.They were watching the World Cup when suddenly the lights went out.有时 when 表示“虽然，尽管 “的含义，相当于 although 或 since。He walks when he might take a taxi.How can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none?2whilewhile 通常表示一段时间，从句中宜用持续性动词作谓语。Strike while the iron is hot.She fell asleep
4、 while she was reading the newspaper.while 有时可以作并列连词，表示对比，可译成“而“ 。I am fond of English while he likes maths.We slept while the captain kept watch.while 有时可引导让步状语从句，意思是“虽然“。While they love te children, they are strict with them.提示：虽然 during 与 while 意思很相近，但是 during 是介词，不能引导从句。3asas 表示点时间时，从句中用短暂性动词；表示
5、段时间时，用持续性动词。as 和 when 两者经常可以通用。The thief was caught as/ when he was stealing in the supermarket.I saw Jim as/ when he left the meeting room.as 表示 “一边 一边 “，强调从句和主句中两个动作交替进行或同步进行。They talked as they walked.He looked behind from time to time as he went.as 表示“随着 “As time goes on, its getting warmer and
6、warmer.As spring warms the earth, al flowers begin to bloom.4when, while, as 的用法区别只有当从句表示的是段时间，即其谓语动词有持续性特征时，这三者可以通用互换。I got the news on the radio when/ while/ as I was having breakfast.在下列情况下，三者彼此之间不能替换使用：aas 更强调同一时间或紧接的一前一后或伴随着的变化。We listened to the singer sing as he played the guitar.I thought of
7、 it just as you opened your mouth.As he grew older, he became less and less active.提示：状语从句可放在主句之前或之后，放在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句分开。有时可置于主句中间，前后用逗号。bwhen 更强调特定时间，还可表示从句中的动作先于或后于主句的动作。When I had given Mary the spare ticket, I found my own already gone.When I finally got there, he meeting had been on for ten minut
8、es.cwhile 从句只能表示延续的动作或状态或主从句中动作的对比。She thought I was talking about her daughter, while in fact, I was talkingabout my daughter.d若表示两个短促动作几乎同时发生时，用 as 场合多于 when。As he finished his speech, the audience burst into applause.5wheneverwhenever 是 when 的强势语，它描述的不是一次性动作，而是经常发生的习惯性动作。You are always welcome wh
9、enever you come.Whenever we met with diffiulties, they came to help us.Bbefore, after1beforebefore 表示在一段时间之前。I must finish all the work before go home.You must first learn to walk before you try to run.He had learned English for three years before he went to London.提示：before 从句往往带有否定的含义。He ran off b
10、efore I could stop him.Thke it down berore you forget it.必背：before 常用句型 It is / was / will be beforeIt wil be five years before we meet again.It will be not long before you regret what you have done.It was not long before I realized I was wrong.2afterafter 表在一段时间之后。Lets play football after school is
11、 over.The sun came out soon after the storm stopped.Ctill, until1until/till 用于肯定句时，表示“直到 为止“ ，主句必须为持续性动词。We shall wait until / till he comes back.Everthing went well until/till that accident happened.2 notuntil/till 表示“直到 才 “，主句通常要用短暂动词，这时 until 和 till 可用 before代替。I didnt leave until / till / before
12、 she came back.Bells dont ring till/ until you strike them.Peopl do not know the value of their health till/ until/ before they lose it.3当 not until 位于句首时，主句中的主语、谓语要使用倒装语序。Not until she stopped crying did I leave.注意：until 引导的从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，但 till 从句一般不放在句首。4在强调句型中一般只能用 until，不用 till。It was not unti
13、l she took off her drk glasses that I recognized her.Dsince, ever since1since 自 以来。表示动作从过去某一点时间一直延续到说话时间为止。主句中通常为延续性动词的现在完成时，since 从句中一般用短暂性动词的一般过去时。It has been just a week since we arrived here.Where haveyou been since I last saw you?Since she was young, she has been collecting stamps.提示：有时 since 从
14、句中也可以用延续性动词，注意它的译法。Tom is now working on the farm.Its two years since he was a college student.2ever since 从那时起直至现在，此后一直。表示说话者强调主句动作或状态持续时间长，语气比 since 强。Ever since they got married in 1950, they have lived happily.3since 还可以用作副词或介词。The big clock was damaged during the war and has been sient（ever）sin
15、ce.My uncle went to Tibet in the 1950s. He has been living there（ever ）since.You have made great achievements in your work since graduation.Eas soon asas soon as.可译为“ 一就“，用来表示主从句的动作是紧接着发生的。He will come and see you as soon as he can.He rushed home as soon as he got the good news.必背：“一就 “还可以用 on/upon
16、doing 结构来表示。On arriving home he called up Lester.= As soon as he arrived home, he called up Lester.F immediately/ instantly / directly相当于 as soon as，从句中用一般过去时态。They phoned her immediately they reached home.I recognized her instantly I caught a glimpse of her.We came directly we got your telephone.Gt
17、he moment, the minute, the instant, the second这几个名词短语也可用作连词，直接引导时间状语从句，表示“一 就 “。He said hed turn on TV th moment he got home.Tell him I need to see him the minute he arrives.The second the bell rang, the students rushed out of the classroom.Hhardly /scarcelywhen, no soonerthan这两个短语都表示“刚就 “，可以互换，主句通常
18、用去完成时。He had no sooner started out than he felt homesick.He had hardly started his speech when someone rose to refute his points.注意：当 hardly, scarcely, no sooner位于句子的开头时，主句须用倒装语序。Hardly had she fallen asleep when a knockat the door woke her up.No sooner was the frost off the ground than the work beg
19、an.Ionceonce 作连词时，也相当于 as soon as，但它含有的条件意味更浓，它引导的从句较短。Once you begin, you must continue.Once you see him, you will neer forget him.Jnext time, the first time, the last time, every time 等Be sure to call on us next time you come to town.He left me a good impression the first time I met him.Every time
20、 I see him he looks miserable.The last time I spoke to Bob, he seemed happy enough.Kby the timeby the tine 也可以引导时间状语从句，意为“到 时为止“ ，主句一般要用完成时态。By the time he was fourteen, Einstein had learned advanced mathematics all byhimself.爱因斯坦到十四岁时就自学完了高等数学。 (从句为一般过去时，主句要用过去完成时)I shall have finished my work by t
21、he time you return.在你回来之前我将会做完我的活儿。(从句为一般现在时，主句要用将来完成时)二、地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由 where, wherever（where 的强势语）和 everywhere 引导，是表示空间关系的状语从句。Awherewhere 在地方，去地方Wuhan lies here the Yangtze and the Han River meet.Where there is a will, there is a way.I found my books where I had left them.Youd better make a mark
22、where you have any questions.注意：在地点状语从句之前，不要使用介词。【误】You should put the book at where it was.【正】You should put the book where it was.你应该把书放在原来的地方。【误】We should go to where we are needed most.【正】We should go where we are needed most.我们应该到最需要我们的地方去。B.whereverwherevr 在任何地方，无论哪里Wherever you go, you should
23、 do your work well.You may sit down wherever you like.C.everywhereEverywhere they went, they were kindly receivd.三、原因状语从句原因状语从句是表示原因和理由的从句。引导原因状语从句的有 as, because, since, now (that), considering that, seeing that 等。Abecausebecause 因为Because I like it, I do it.He couldnthave seen me, because I was not
24、 there.比较：because 和 for 的区别。1for 是并列连词，只用于连接表示原因的分句，因此不能用于句首。because 表示原因时，可位于句首。【误】For he did not obey the rules, he was punished.【正】Because he did not obey the rules, he was punished.2for 表示的是推断解释，because 强调动作发生的直接原因。It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.The day breaks, for the bir
25、ds are singing.He went to bed early, because he was tiredHe must be tired, for he went to bed early.3在强调结构 It is/wasthat 和关联词 notbut 引导的原因状语从句中，宜用 because。Its because he helped you that Im prepared to help him.He decided to give up thechance of going abroad, not because he did not wantto but because
26、 his wife was ill.Bsincesince 因为，既然。引导的从句大多置于句首，主从句的时态一般相同。Since you have no licence, you are not allowed to drive.Since you are al here, lets try and reach a decision.Casas 由于。一般多用于句首。As she was ill, she didnt come to the party.As he was not well enough, I had to go without him.As it rained, we all
27、 stayed at home.Dbecause, since, as 的区别1because 语气最强，表达的是未知的新信息，一般置于主句之后，也可以放在主句之前，用逗号隔开。在回答“why“引导的特殊疑问句时，或在强调结构 It is/was that 和关联词 not but 引导的原因状语从句中，要用 because。另外，because 还常和副词 just, merely 等连用。2since 往往表示的是已知的客观事实，或分析后的推理，引导的从句大多置于句首，主从句的时态一般相同。3as 表示的理由最弱，只是对主句的附带说明，重点在主句。as 从句通常放在主句前。Just bec
28、ause he doesnt complain, you must not suppose that he is satisfied.You shouldnt get angry only because some people speak ill of you.Since youre not interested, Iwont tell you about it.注意：because 等词不能与 so 连用。【误】Because he was careless, so he failed in the exam.【正】Because he was careless, he failed in
29、 the exa.【正】He was careless, so he failed in the exam.Enow thatnow that 既然，因为。that 可以省略。Now (that) dinner is ready, go and wash your hands.Now you mention it again, I do remember.Fconidering that, seeing that这两个词和 since, now that 意思相近，都有 “鉴于 事实，考虑到 “的意思。Seeing that quite a few people were absent, we decided to put the meeting off.Considering that they are just beginners, they are doing quite good job.Gnot that but that 这一结构相当于汉语的“不是因为 而是因为“ 。Not that I dont like the film, but that I have no time for it.
