1、英语语法词法句法简介词法句法基本知识1 词类(parts of speech)词类英语名称 作用 所作句子成分例词名词Noun(n.)表示人或事物名称主语/宾语/表语/定语/状语/同位语/补语 man, car, China, Beijing, desk, advice(建议), 代词Pronoun (pron.)代替名词等主语/宾语/表语/定语I, it, them, that, his, who, any,数词Numeral (num.)表示数目或顺序主语/宾语/表语/定语one, two, first, second 动词Verb (v.) 表示动作或状态谓语 is, am, are,
2、have, study,work,want, like形容词Adjective(adj.)修饰人、事物的特征表语/定语/补语big,small,long,short, boring, new, sad, funny 实词副 Adverb 修饰动词/ 状语/表语 also, too, very, 词 (adv.) 形容词/副词often, here, there, not 冠词Article(art.)用在名词前,限制名词的意义a, an, the介词Preposition(prep.)表示名词或代词与他词关系 of, in,on, for, at, about,with ,over, 连词Co
3、njunction(conj.)用来连接词与短语/从句/句子的词/从句/句子and,but,or,because,when,where虚词感叹词Interjection(interj.)表示说话的感情不作句子成分oh,aha ,hi, hello,2 句子成分 (members of sentences)(1)句子成分:组成句子的各个部分。(2)英语句子成分有主语,谓语,宾语,表语,状语,同位语,补语定语等。 (3)主语(Subject): 主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物。由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等充当。 This fish is rich in oil这种鱼很肥。(4)谓语动词
4、(Predicate Verb):谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征。一般由动词充当。一般可分为两类: 1) 简单谓语:由动词( 或短语动词)或助动词+ 动词构成。可以有不同的时态,语态和语气。 We study for the people. 我们为人民学习。(动词) I am studying in the classroom now. (助动词 am+现在分词 studying)2) 复合谓语:情态动词动词原形 I can speak a little English. 我可以说一点英语。 (5)宾语(Object):宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词或介词之后。能作宾语的有名词,代词,数
5、词,动词、不定式、动名词、从句等。 We love China. This book is for the students.一些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。 He gave me some ink. 他给了我一点墨水。 有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如: We make him our monitor. 我们选他当班长。 (6)表语(Predicative ):表语是谓语的一部分,它位于系动词如 be 之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。一般由名词,代词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词
6、短语等充当。We are Chinese.(7)定语(Attribute/Attributive): 在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。 用作定语的主要是形容词,代词,数词,名词,副词,动词不定式,介词短语、从句等。形容词,代词,数词,名词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的词前面。 This is an exciting movie.但副词,动词不定式,介词短语等作定语时,则放在被修饰的词之后。 The bike in the room is mine. 房间里的自行车是我的。 (8)状语(Adverbial):修饰动词,形容词,副词以及全句的句子成分,叫做状语。说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让
7、步、方向、程度、目的等。用作状语的通常是副词,介词短语,不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。 He lives in London. 他住在伦敦。He runs fast.(9)补语(Complement ):补语又叫宾语补足语,位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。宾语变为主语,宾语补足语则叫做主语补足语。由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、从句充当。We elected him monitor. He was elected monitor.I often fin
8、d him at work. 我经常发现他在工作. I saw a cat running across the road. 我看见一只猫跑过了马路. (10)同位语(Appositive):同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分,近乎于后置定语。由名词、代词、数词、从句等充当。如: We students should study hard. (students 是 we 的同位语,都是指同一批 学生 ) We all are students. (all 是 we 的同位语,都指同样的我们) This is Mr.zhao, our headmaster.(11)插入语
9、(Parenthesis):一些句中插入的 I think , I believe 等。To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.3.基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns):英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的:1)主 + 动(SV)例如:I work. We study hard. 2)主 + 动 + 表(SVP)例如:John is busy. 约翰忙。状态系动词 be持续系动词 keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand,He always kept silent
10、 at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。表像系动词 seem, appear, look,He looks tired. 他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。感官系动词 feel, smell, sound, taste, This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。变化系动词 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, c
11、ome, run,He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。终止系动词 prove, turn out, 表达“证实“,“变成“ 之意, The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。 (turn out 表终止性结果)3)主 + 动 + 宾(SVO)例如:She studies English. 她学英语。
12、动词+副词:He thought it over all the night. He thought over the plan all the night.动词+介词:He thought about it /the plan all the night. 4)主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾(S+V+Oi+Od)例如:My mother made me a new dress. 我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。5)主 + 动 + 宾 + 补(SVOC)例如:Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。We made him monitor. 比较:We made hi
13、m a good student.4.句子的种类(一)按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1) 陈述句(Declarative Sentences):说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。Light travels faster than sound. 光比声速度快。 (说明事实)The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。2) 疑问句(Interrogative Sentences):提出问题。有以下四种:a.一般疑问句(General Questions):be, have, 情态动词,助动词开头Can you finish the work in time?
14、你能按时完成工作吗?b.特殊疑问句(W Questions; H Questions):疑问代词、疑问副词Where do you live? 你住那儿?How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事?who, what, which 作主语,按第三人称单数看what is sb.?问职业 Who is sb.?问姓名或与某人的关系 what is the date?问日期 What day is?问星期几how many how much how long how soonhow often how many timesc.选择疑问句(Alternative Questions
15、):Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡?d.反意疑问句(Tag-Questions):陈述句+简略问句He doesnt know her, does he? 他不认识她,对不对?陈述句含否定词 no, never, hardly, little陈述句主语为 this/that/nothing/动词不定式/动名词/从句,简略问句主语为 it陈述句主语为 these/those/nobody/everybody/somebody, 简略问句主语为 they陈述句主语为 there be 句型,简略问句用 there:There will be a meeti
16、ng tomorrow, wont there?陈述句为复合句,简略问句的主语和助动词与主句一致:She lived in Beijing when she was young, didnt she?但陈述句为复合句而主句的谓语动词为 think, suppose, believe, imagine, expect, feel,且主语为第一/ 第二人称时,简略问句只有肯定/否定与主句对应,而主语和时态要与宾语从句一致。I do not think that you are a student, are you?陈述句和简略问句情态动词/ 助动词要保持一致,但有例外:have(拥有)-haven
17、t, donthave(进行某一动作)-donthave(构成完成时)-haventhave to -dontought to- oughtntmust(必须)-mustntmust (必要)-needntmust be/do(表示猜测) -be/domust have done(对过去某一时间的事情推测)-didntmust have done(对发生在过去但对现在造成影响的动作进行推测)-haventmust not(表禁止) -may简略问句部分表示语气否定祈使句+will you?肯定祈使句+wont you?(表示邀请)肯定祈使句+ will you?Lets(包括对方)+shall
18、 we?(表示建议)Let us(不包括对方)+ will you?(表示请求)Let+第三人称+ will you?3)祈使句(Imperative Sentences):提出请求,建议或发出命令,例如:Sit down, please. 请坐。Dont be nervous! 别紧张!4)感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences):表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪,例如:What good news it is! 多好的消息啊!What a beautiful park it is!How beautiful park it is!How beautiful the park i
19、s!How well she dances!(二)句子按其结构可以分为以下三类:1)简单句(Simple Sentences):只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句,例如:She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。(主 ) (谓)2)并列句(Compound Sentences):包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句,句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接,有转折、因果、联合、选择并列句。 The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口(主 ) (谓) (主) (谓)3)复合句(Complex Sentences):包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导,例如:The film had begun when we got to the cinema.主句 从句