1、1学习定语从句的诀窍扶沟县韭园高中 赵新福提起定语从句，同学们都感到望而生畏。定语从句是高中阶段一个很重要的语法项目。每年高考，无论是全国卷还是地方卷单选题中都少不了它的身影！阅读理解和完形填空里也有很多定语从句，看不懂就会影响对文章的理解。高考改错题里也开始出现了有关定语从句的内容。写作文时如果能熟练运用定语从句，必会大大增加文章的亮点！关于定语从句，高考重点考察下面几个方面：1. 关系词的选择 2. 专用 that，which 的特殊情况3. 介词+关系代词 which/whom 4. 分数/百分数/some/none /any/most+of +which/whom5. 定语从句和强调句
2、型，及其他从句的区分 6. as 引导的定语从句其中最基础的是关系词的选择。我从几年的教学经验中总结出比较科学的关系词选择步骤，熟练运用这个程序，对于掌握其他从句也有很好的帮助作用。科学选择关系词的步骤：1.根据有无逗号，区分限制性和非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句很少用 that 和 why 引导。如：Yesterday she sold her car, _D_ she bought a month ago. (2008 浙江卷)A. whom B. where C. that D. which 2分清主句与从句。定语从句在整句中的位置只有居后和居中两种。若句首出现一个结构和意义相对完整
3、的简单句，则该单句必为主句，后面的单句是从句。如：Is that me _ you are looking for？ 主句是 Is that me，从句是 you are looking for。You can take any seat _ is vacant(空着的，未被占用的)。主句是You can take any seat，从句是 _ is vacant。若句首出现一个名词或代词，该名词或代词后出现一个单句，则该单句为定语从句，该名词或代词是整句的主语，其谓语在从句后。如：The man I shook hands with is Bill Gates。 从句是 I shook ha
4、nds with，主句是 The man is Bill Gates。He _ laughts last laughts best。 从句是 _ laughts last, 主句是 He laughts best。3.分析从句中缺少的句子成分。若从句缺少主语、宾语或表语，需要补充关系代词 who, whom, which,that, whose 等 。若从句结构基本完整，不缺少主语、宾语或表语，即可认为是缺少状语，需要补充关系副词 when, where, why。4.分析先行词指人或物。5.考虑特殊情况，选择最恰当的关系词。定语从句缺少 先行词指 关系词选择 省略情况人 who/that主语
5、 物 which/that NO人 whom/that 宾语物 which/thatYES表语 人或物 that YES定语 人或物 whose(表所属) NO时间 when地点 where状语原因 whyNo2结合句子分析：1. He _ is ashamed of asking is ashamed learning。耻于问者耻于学。 （从句_ is ashamed of asking 缺少主语，需要补充关系代词，先行词 He 指人，结合特殊情况，先行词是 he, those, one, anyone 指人时，关系词选择用 who，因此答案为 who，不可省略）2. I will neve
6、r forget the wonderful days _ were spent in the college. 我永远不会忘记花在大学里的美好时光。 （从句_ were spent in the college 缺少主语，先行词 wonderful days 指物，关系词可选择which/that，不可省略）3. The girl _ you are waiting for will never come. 你等的那个女孩永远也不会来。 （从句 you are waiting for 缺少介词 for 的宾语，先行词指人，关系词选择 whom/that，可以省略）4. Love is one
7、 big illusion _ I should try to forget. 歌词“爱情是一个我应该忘记的大幻影” 。 （从句 I should try to forget 缺少动词 forget 的宾语，先行词 Love 指物，关系词选择 which/that，可省。 ）5. She is no long the girl _ she used to be. 她不再是过去那个女孩了。 （从句 she used to be 缺少 be 的表语，先行词无论指人或物，关系词都选择 that, 而且常常省略）6. China is no long the country _ she was 100
8、 years ago. 中国不再是 100 年前的样子了。 （从句 she was 100 years ago 缺少 was 的表语，先行词无论指人或物，关系词都选择 that, 而且常常省略）7. I dont like such man _ eyes are too sharp. 我不喜欢目光太锐利的人。 （man 与 eyes 有所属关系, 先行词无论指人或物，关系词都选择 whose)8.You cant give me a chair _ legs are all broken. 你不能给我一把断腿的椅子。 （chair 与 legs 有所属关系，先行词无论指人或物，关系词都选择 w
9、hose)9.We should remember the years forever _ our motherland was invaded(侵略)by others. 我们应该永远记住祖国被别国侵略的日子。(从句 our motherland was invaded(侵略)by others 结构基本完整，不缺主宾表， 即可认为是缺少状语，需要补充关系副词，先行词 years 指时间，关系词选择 when) 10. Yanan is a place _ Chairman Mao used to work and live. 延安是毛主席曾经工作和生活的地方。 (从句 Chairman M
10、ao used to work and live 结构基本完整，需要补充关系副词，先行词 place 指地点，关系词可选择 where 或 in which）11. I dont know the reason _ Mother is angry with me. 我不知道妈妈为何生我的气。( 从句 Mother is angry with me 结构基本完整，需要补充关系副词，先行词 reason 指原因，关系词选择 why) 2008 年高考试题精选：1. All the neighbor admire this family，_ the parents are treating thei
11、r child like a friend. （安徽）A. why B. where C. which D. that 2. Ill give you my friends home address, I can be reached most evenings.（北京）A. which B. when C. whom D. where3. _ is known to us all that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.（福建）A. It B. What C. As D. Which4. Nancy enjoyed her
12、self so much _ she visited her friends in Sydney last year.（福建）A. that B. which C. when D. where5. By nine oclock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _ appeared a rare rainbow soon. （福建）A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which6. The growing speed of a
13、plant is influenced by a number of factors, are beyond our control. 3(湖南)A.most of them B. most of which C. most of what D. most of that7. The Science Museum, _ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of Londons tourist attractions.（江苏）A. which B. what C. that D. where8. Later in this cha
14、pter cases will be introduced to readers _ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. （江西）A. where B. when C. who D. which9. The road conditions there turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect.(全国卷二)A. it B. what C. which D. that10. It was in New Zealand _ Elizabeth f
15、irst met Mr. Smith.A. that B. how C. which D. when11. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, _ New York is an example.（四川）A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which12. It was along the Mississippi River _ Mark Twain spent much of his childhood.（天津）A. how B. whi
16、ch C. that D. where13. They will fly to Washington, they plan to stay for two or three days.A. where B. there C. which D. when14. Villagers here depend on the fishing industry，_ there wont be much work。 （上海春季高考）A. where B. that C. by which D. without which 15. It was not until midnight they reached
17、the camp site.（重庆）A. that B. when C. while D. as16. The man pulled out a gold watch, were made of small diamonds.（陕西）A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands ofC. which the hands of D. the hands of which17. The news _ our athletes won another gold medal was reported In yesterdays newspaper.（上海春季高考）A.
18、which B. whether C. what D. that 简析: 1. B. 定语从句 the parents are treating their child like a friend 结构基本完整，应补充关系副词，用where（= in which）代替先行词 family 做从句的地点状语。2. D. where 引导的地点状语从句。其他从句连接词的选择基本同于定语从句。分析从句缺少什么成分可以让你明白要补充连接副词还是连接代词。从句 I can be reached most evenings 成分基本完整，需要副词，排除 A 和 C，再考虑全句意思就可得到正确答案。3. A
19、. It 做形式主语代指后面的 that 从句。如选 C，可将 that 改为 “， ”4.C. when 引导的时间状语从句。5. D. 九点之前，所有奥运火炬手已经到达珠峰峰4顶，很快珠峰之上出现了少见的彩虹。彩虹在珠峰之上而不是表面，用 above 而不用 on，which 代指珠峰。6. B. 植物的生长受很多因素的影响，其中许多因素超出我们的控制。全句只有一个句号，排除 A。介词后不用 that。which 代指 factors。7. A. 从句 we visited during a recent trip to Britain 缺少 visited 的宾语，先行词指物，又是非限制
20、性定语从句，只能用 which。8. A. 在这一章尾部， 消费者的抱怨导致法律改变的案例会被介绍给读者。从句 consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law 结构基本完整，需要补充关系副词， case, situation, position 等在定语从句里通常被视为表地点的先行词，关系词选择 where。9. C. which 引导的非限制性定语从句，代指上句情形。10. A. 强调句型，去除 It was that 后，句子结构和意义不受影响。11. C. 对于世界上的许多城市来说，没有空间可以向外扩展，纽约就是其中一个例子
21、。介词 of +关系代词，which 代指先行词 cities。12. C. 强调句型。13. A. where=in which 代指 Washington 做定语从句中 stayed 的地点状语。14. D. 介词+关系代词， which 代指先行词 the fishing industry。15. A. 强调句型. They didnt reach the camp site until midnight, 用强调句型强调 until 状语时，要将 until与 not 放在一起，that 后的部分用肯定句。16. D. 那个人拿出一块金表，表针由小块钻石制成。介词+关系代词，which 代指先行词 gold watch。 17. D. that 引导的同位语从句，从句 our athletes won another gold medal 就是 news 的内容。
