1、一般否定与特指否定之间的转化我们在研究英语否定句的确切含义时知道,凡是谓语动词被否定,全句的意思也随之被否定,这种否定叫做“一般否定”(General Negation);如果否定是针对谓语动词以外的成分,如某个特定的词、短语或从句,这种否定则被称为“特指否定”(Special Negation)。在一般否定句中,否定词 not 要放在助动词或系动词之后,如:We did not tell him to goHe is not happy但在特指否定句中,否定词 not 则要置于被否定的成分之前,如:We told him not to go现在让我们进一步探讨一下,这两种否定句的正确理解、翻
2、译以及它们之间相互转化的问题。一、一般否定转化为特指否定的情况:每种语言都有它自己一套独特的表达否定的形式和方法。在英语的习惯用法中,有不少句子虽然形式上采用一般否定,但在意义上却是特指否定。如:I dont think you are right我认为你是不对的。I dont believe he will succeed我相信他不会成功。I dont suppose that it is true. 我断定那事不是真的。这些句子中的否定词在形式上否定的对象都是主句的谓语动词,但意义上却都是否定他们后面的宾语从句的。然而按照英语的表达习惯,以上三个句子都不可改为特指否定旬,如:不可以说:I
3、think you are not right等。但在另外一些情况下是可以互相转化的。例如:He did not seem to follow me. He did not happen to be at home. 这两个句子形式上属于一般否定句,否定词是针对谓语动词的,但意义上否定词都是针对不定式短语的,我们完全可以把第一句改写成:He seemed not to follow me或 It seemed that he did not follow me.(他好象不顺从我。)把第二句改写成:He happened not to be at home.或 It happened that
4、he was not at home.(那时他恰好不在家。)又如:He did not search the room carefully该句中的 not 实际上是用来否定 carefully 的,我们完全可以把它改写为:He searched the room carefully(=not carefully)意即:他已搜查过这个房间,只是不仔细而已。再如:He did not come to work by bus. 这句的否定词是否定作为方式状语的介词短语 by bus 的,所以,我们可以把它改写为:He came to work not by bus(but on foot; by b
5、ike)意即:他是来上班了,只是没有乘坐公共汽车而已。从以上例句分析可见,一般否定在一定的情况下是可以转化为特指否定的。二、特指否定是否可以转化为一般否定呢? 答案应该是肯定的。英语中一些否定代词和否定副词用在句中时,在形式上大多数是对句子中的主语、宾语或状语的特指否定。但实质上则等于否定谓语的一般否定。在进行转化时,原先的否定词应变为相应的不定词,其对应情况大致如下:否定词:no、no one(=none)、nobody、no longer、nothing、nowhere、neither.nor、never。不定词: any、anyone、anybody、any longer、any-thi
6、ng、anywhere、eitheror、ever.1对主语的特指否定转化为一般否定。1) No news came.News did not come2) No help was neededHelp was not needed。3) No two persons have the same stock of words =Two persons do not have the same stock of words注意:以上三个句子中的等号后面都不可以加上 Any!这是因为 any 之后不能跟 not 配用。2对宾语的特指否定转化为一般否定。1) He gave no answerHe
7、did not give any answer2) We made no attempt at thisWe did not make any attempt at this3)I could see nothing on the spotI could not see anything on the spot4)I could remember neither his address nor his telephone numberI could not remember either his address or his telephone number.3对状语的特指否定转化为一般否定。
8、1)I am old and ill no longer =I am not old and ill any longer.2)They agreed with each other in no respectsThey did not agree with each other in any respects3)We could find the boy nowhereWe Could not find the boy anywhere4)Never mention it once againDont ever mention it once again这里必须指出,当主语是否定词 nobo
9、dy,no one(none)或 nothing 时,不能作如此相应的变化。例如:1) Nobody(None,No one) will go there不能改为:Anybody(Anyone,Any one) will not go there2) Nothing is hard in the world if you set your mind on it不能改为:Anything is not hard in the world if you set your mind on it这是因为在英语习惯用法中,否定词不可出现在不定代词之后。但在“there be”结构的句型中,主语是否定词时
10、,可以作相应的变化。如:There is nothing hard in the world if you set your mind on it= There is not anything hard in the world if you set your mind on itThere was no one to be seen=There was not any one to be seen注意:这时否定词 not 出现在不定词之前,是符合英语习惯用法的。综上所述,我们可以得出这样的结论:一般否定与特指否定之间没有一条不可逾越的界线,在某些条件下可以互相转化,但在局限于某些英语习惯表达
11、法时,则不可以。这里最重要的是,我们不能只凭形式直译或从汉语习惯类推,否则就会闹出笑话。如:People did not shake off Hitlers yoke in order to put on Wall Streets若把这一句话当作一般否定句处理,它就该译成:“人们不挣脱希特勒的枷锁,为的是要套上华尔街的枷锁。”这种译法显然是大错特错了。原因是,在该句中,否定词是否定目的状语 in order to put on Wall Streets 的,也就是说,该句在形式上是一般否定,而实质上是特指否定。因此,该句可以改为:People shook off Hitler”s yoke n
12、ot in order to put on Wall streets从而理解为:“人们挣脱希特勒的枷锁,并不是为了套上华尔街的枷锁。”我们中国学生对这类句子的理解往往有很大的困难,原因就是被句子的形式所迷惑,而没有从实质上看问题。相反,我们在作汉译英时,有时也不能单从字面上去死译。如:“他来这里不是为了请求你的帮助。”若从字面上直译就译成:“He came here not to ask for your help”,然而,按照英语习惯用法,此句中的否定词 not 应与谓语动词相结合,即应按照一般否定句来翻译,因此应译成:“He did not come here to ask for your help”而“He came here not to ask for your help”只有在含有对照的叙述中,才可以表示以上的汉语意思。如:He came here not to ask for your help, but to give you some information总之,我们既要弄清一般否定与特指否定的特点,又要弄清互相转化的条件,在翻译和转化时,既要注意遵从英语惯用法,又要注意句子的确切含义。只有这样才能使我们在对否定句的理解与翻译方面提高一步,也才能丰富我们对否定句的表达方法。