1、Morphology: The Structure of Words,Phonology-morphology/lexical semantics-syntax,Morphology: the science of word forms,“They gave it me, “ Humpty Dumpty continued, “ for an un-birthday present.” “I beg your pardon?” Alice said with a puzzled air. “Im not offended,” said Humpty Dumpty. “ I mean, what
2、 is an un-birthday present? “ A present given when it isnt your birthday, of course.” Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking Glass,Morphemes: the minimal units of meaning,Free : man, fire, friend;bound :affixes (prefixes & suffixes (manly, unfriendly) infixes (Fikas “strong” fumikas “to be strong” Bonto
3、c -um-) 糊涂 糊里糊涂, circumfixes (Chokma “he is good” ik+chokma+o “he isnt good” Chickasaw, a Muskogean L spoken in Oklahoma),Bound morphemes like ify and ation are called derivational morphemes. When they are added to root morphemes or stems a word is derived. Wonderful creativity of L “He likes to be
4、nussed.” “Is he really nussable?” derivational morphemes and the rules that determine how they are added to roots or stems to form new words. A word is not a simple sequence of morpheme but has a hierarchical structure. Un system atic al ly,Lexeme:denotes an item of vocabulary with a single referent
5、 whether it consists of one word or more, e.g. kick the bucket，die, pass away 死了:呜呼了，蹬腿了，翘辫子了，见阎王爷去了，升天了,咽气了，离开了，走了，不在了，逝世了，去世了，辞世了，驾崩了，见马克思去了等,Word Classes,Lexical content words: Nouns, verbs, adj, and adv make us the largest part of the vocabulary in English. Also called open-class words: download
6、, weatherwise, saleswise, Function Words: Prep., conjunctions, determiners, pronouns Also kown as grammatical words, closed class words Generic form: “We will hire the best person for the job regardless of his sex.” he/she, his/her “e,” they & their,Questions from Middle Schools Teachers,Respectful
7、与respectable 的区别？ 中国学生喜欢使用 make/let A become B (adj/n)， become 的滥用。英语使役动词的地道用法是什么？ 本族人会经常用吗？ keep doing/keep on doing 的区别？ Engage, involve 和adjust 这些 “使某人”意义的动词，应怎么交给学生？ How to express “在周末”？ On weekends or at weekends?,Respectful 与respectable 的区别？,Respectful：表示尊敬的；有礼貌的；谦恭的 I hope you would be more
8、respectful to your father. He behaved in a respectful way. Respectable: 值得尊重的；体面的；不错的; She is a respectable married woman. His work is respectable but not outstanding.Respectful or Respectable Guests/teachers?,Engage, involve 和adjust 这些 “使某人”意义的动词，应怎么交给学生？,Engage=使忙碌, 使从事于, 使参加, 使某人订婚，常用被动语态 be enga
9、ged to sb表示“跟某人订婚”。Please wait a minute, she is engaged just now.I tried to engage him in conversation, but in vain. Involve: 使忙于；使卷入；使陷入.One foolish mistake involved him in a good deal of trouble.He was involved in trouble.He was involved in working out a plan.I got involved in a quarrel about the
10、price. Adjust: 调整；使适应This kind of desk can be adjusted to the height you need.He cant adjust himself to the whirl of modern life in this big city.He adjusted himself very quickly to the heat of the country.,Keep or keep on doing & on or at weekends,Keep doing 继续不断News of success keeps pouring in.Tir
11、ed as she was, she kept doing it.Keep on doing 继续（进行/下去）We kept on working in the fields in spite of the rain.Keep on doing what you are doing.Prices keep or keep on increasing? How to express “在周末”？ On weekends or at weekends? Both are OK depends on which variety of English you are using/speaking.
12、He likes to go climbing at weekends (British English)/on weekends (American English).,How can you explain this?,中国学生喜欢使用 make/let A become B (adj/n)， become 的滥用。英语使役动词的地道用法是什么？ 本族人会经常用吗？,Rules of Word Formation,“ I never heard of uglification,” Alice ventured to say. “What is it?” The Gryphon lifted
13、 up both its paws in surprise. “ Never heard of uglifying!” it exclaimed. “You know what to beautify is, I suppose?” “Yes,” said Alice doubtfully: “it means to makeanythingprettier.” “Well, then,” the Gryphon went on, “if you dont know what to uglify is, you are a simpleton.” Lewis Carroll, Alice in
14、 Wonderland Lexical gaps: Ugly+ify, beauty+ify: Morphemes can be combined in this way because there are morphological rules in every L that determine how morphemes combine to form new words.,Words & Word-formation Processes,Onomatopoeic words: crash, bang; Coinage: aspirin, nylon Kleenex, xerox Borr
15、owing: alcohol(Arabic), boss(Dutch), piano(Italian), suupaamaaketto Loan translation/calque un gratteciel “a scrape-sky”, German wolkenfratzer “cloud scraper” = skyscraper; Borrowing with sound modification:boyifurendo, as a calque:nan pengyou Compounding:flatfoot: policeman, detective Blending: smo
16、g=smoke+fog, infotaiment Acronyms: NASA, MORF, FAQ, WYSIWYG, POP,Memo memorandum Dorm Bro Smog FAQ POP Point Of Purchase意为“卖点广告”，又名店头陈设。,Backformation: TV complex verb combination (wannabe=want to be) Clipping/abbreviations:fax=facsimile, gas=gasoline, condo=condominium, clip names:Al, Ed, Sam, tec/
17、dick for detective Eponyms:Words from names Sandwich, 4th Earl of Sandwichjumbo, after an elephant brought to the United States by the P.T. Barnum,Derivation,Unfriendly Un-friend-ly Derivation 1: un-friend un + N N? unfriend+ly N + ly adj Derivation 2: Friend-ly N + ly adj Un-friendly un + adj adj,E
18、nglish Inflectional Morphemes,-s 3rd person sl present she wait-s at home. -ed past tense She wait-ed at home. -ing progressive eat-ing the donut. -en past participle has eat-en the donut. -s plural She ate the donut-s. -s possessive Disas hair -er comparative short-er -est superlative the short-est
19、 hair,Phonology, morphology, & syntax,Plurality Book-s -s Dog-s -z Box-es -iz Agreement Get-s -s Play-s -z Catch-es -iz,Past tense Cook-ed -t Learn-ed -d / learnt Jogg-ed -d Hunt-ed -id Progressive aspect Looking Getting,Tense and aspect,Chinese is a tenseless language. Zhe, liao and guo are aspect
20、markers. Zhe is imperfective or progressive marker, while liao and guo are perfect marker. English employs both tense and aspect. English has only two tenses, or three tenses for teaching purposes.,English Tense and Aspect,Tense Past Present (Future)V-ed V-s 3rd singular/NM will/shall(did does/do will/shall do) Perfect had V-en has/have V-en will/shall have V-en Prog. Was/were v-ing am/are/is V-ing will/shall be v-ing P & P had been V-ing has/have been V-ing will/shall have been V- ing,
