1、课本原句:1. At the same time, British English and American English started borrowing words from other languages ending up with different words.2. Before they reached the house, a new great wave came, sweeping down the tree, and sweeping they down too.3. After graduating, she went to New York, where she
2、started working as an actress and won the Theater World Award for her role in play4 .When drinking to someones health, you raise your glasses, but the glasses should not touch.5. Choosing what to eat is no longer as easy as it once was.6. The week following Christmas Day, many AfricanAmerican famili
3、es get together to greet the New Year and think about the past.7. Having realized that I could use a kite to attract lighting, I decided to do an experiment.8. Being black and a woman made life even more difficult in America at that time.9. Using the latest technologies Chinese scientists grow veget
4、ables in greenhouse.10 .But in order to get married, I get a job, and in order to get a job, I need a PhD.11. Once published, his work became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line.12. The first two countries forming the Union were England and Wales in 1536.13. By staying calm we wi
5、ll be able to think what to do and make better decisions.14. He ordered a boat to be prepared.15. Xiang Yufang is one of those who have returned to china after studying and working abroad.16. The following dialogues about such topics are incomplete.17. Choose one of the pictures and discuss the impo
6、rtance of using and protecting our water.18. Atlanta quickly recovered from the destructing caused by the civil war.19. Creativity is not about getting high-test scores, having a high IQ or being smart. 动名词动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。一、动名词的形式：语态式主动语态 被动语态一般式 doing being done完成式 having done having been
7、done否定式： not + 动名词1）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。2）被动式：He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀请就来到了晚会。3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。4）完成被动式：He forgot having been taken / being taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记 五岁时曾被带到广州去过。5）否定式：not + 动名词I regret not
8、following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。二、动名词的句法功能：（一）作主语：动名词作主语往往表示一种概念、习惯或经验。Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。Its no use quarrel
9、ling. 争吵是没用的。当动名词短语作主语时常用 it 作形式主语，把-ing 形式置于句尾，常见句型有：1、 It is no use/no good/useless/a waste of time/worthwhile动词的-ing 形式。还有两种常见句型：2、 There is no use/no good/no point in(没意义)/no sense in（没道理）+动词的-ing 形式3、 There is no + V.-ing 形式。表示禁止/不允许/不可能作某事。There is no saying what may happen.说不准将会发生什么事。There is
10、 no holding back the wheel of history.历史的车轮不可阻挡。（二）作宾语： They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。我们常常把接动名词作宾语的动词分为四类：1、只能接动名词作宾语的常见动词和短语有：admit 承认、appreciate 感谢、mind 介意、suggest 建议、avoid 避免、excuse 原谅、delay 推迟、imagine 想象、 deny 否认、enjo
11、y 喜欢、keep 保持、practise 练习、resist 抵制、escape 逃避、risk 冒险、understand 理解、missi 错过、feel like 想、put offi 推迟、get （be）used to 习惯、look forward to 期待、insist on/keep on 坚持、object to 反对、be busy doing 忙于、be worth doing 值得、 give up 放弃、get down to 开始、pay attention to 注意、 see to 处理、devoted to 把献给、lead to 导致2、 在 allow
12、 、advise、permit、recommend、consider、forbid 等动词后接动名词作宾语，接动词不定式作宾语补足语： allow 、advise、permit、recommend、consider、forbid+v.-ing/sb. t o do sth.We dont allow smoking here. 我们不许在这里抽烟。We dont allow students to smoke here. 我们不许学生在这里抽烟。3、 在 love、like、hate、prefer 、dislike、begin 、Start、continue、intend、cant bear/
13、stand 等动词后接动词不定式和动名词作宾语意思差别不大。intend going abroad/intend to go abroad 打算出国4、有些动词后面接动词不定式和动名词作宾语意思完全不同，有时甚至相反。1)、e stopped talking.他停止讲话。( 停止做某事)e stopped to talking.他停下来开始讲话。（停止原来做的事，开始讲话）2)、I remember/forget to post the letter. 我记得/忘了要寄这封信（将来的动作）I remember/forget posting the letter. 我记得/ 忘了寄出了这封信（过
14、去的动作）3)、I regret not having told her earlier.我很后悔没能早点告诉她。（表示过去）regret to say I must leave tomorrow.我很遗憾的说，我明天必须走了。（表示现在）4) 、He will try to finish the work as early as possible.他将设法尽早完成这项工作。（试图）He tried making a model ship.他尝试做了一个模型轮船。（尝试，试做）5）、They want to repair the house.他们要把房子维修一下。The house wants
15、 repairing/to be repaired.这房子需要维修一下。注意：need 、require 的用法和 want 相同。 6）、I can t help doing it.我情不自禁地作了这件事。 I cant help（to）do it.我不能帮助做这件事。7）、What do you mean to do? 你打算做什么？His words mean refusing us.他的话意味着拒绝我们。8）、He went on studying English.他继续学习英语。（继续做同一件事）He finished reading the book and went on to
16、study English.他读完这本书接着学习英语。（做完一件事，接着做另一件事）（三）作表语：动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命事物的名词或 what 引导的名词性从句。-ing 形式与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可以互换位置。In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。You task is cleaning the windows。你的任务就是擦窗户。（四）作定语：动名词作定语表示被修饰词的某种用途，此时动词的 V-ing 形式常置于被修饰词的前面。a walking stick 拐
17、杖=（a stick for walking = a stick which is used for walking）a reading room 阅览室= （a room for reading）=.(a room which is used for reading)sleeping pills 安眠药=（pills for sleeping）=(pills which are used for sleeping)现在分词现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。一、现在分词的形式：现在分词 及物动词 write 不及物动词 go 主动语态 被动语态 主动语态一般式 wri
18、ting being written going完成式 having written having been written having gone否定式：not + 现在分词1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打兰球。2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动
19、词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。二、现在分词的句法功能：（一）作定语：现在分词作定语表示所修饰的人或物的动作和状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可以表示经常性动作或当事的状态；当单个分词做定语时，放在被修饰的名词前，如果是分词短语做定语放在
20、被修饰的名词后。In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years 也可用 in the years that followed, the man speaking 可改为 the man who is speaking.注意：动词的 V-ing 形式的完成形式不作定语，如果要表达完
21、成意义最好用定语从句。判断正误：The girl having won the raceis my deskmate. The girl who has won the raceis my deskmat. 动名词和现在分词作定语的区别：动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词做定语，表示所修饰名词正在进行的动作，即现在分词和被修饰词有逻辑上的主谓关系。 a walking stick 拐杖（动名词做定语，意为 a stick for walking）a sleeping car 卧铺车厢（动名词做定语，意为 a car for sleeping）the rising sun 正在升起的太阳
22、（现在分词做定语，意为 the sun which was rising）the changing world 变化中的世界（现在分词做定语，意为 the world which is changing）a sleeping bag_ _ a sleeping boy_ _）（二）现在分词作表语：现在分词作标语表示主语的性质和状态。The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。be + doing 既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现
23、在分词做表语，它们的区别在于 be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词 be 与现在分词构成系表结构。He is doing his homework in the room.动名词和现在分词做表语的区别：1、动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释，这时主语与表语位置可以互换，动名词常用于口语中。Its full-time job is laying eggs. 它的（指蚁后）的专职工作是产卵。2、现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征，常用作表语的现在分词有：interesting, amusing, disappointing, missing, puzzling, excit
24、ing, inspiring, following 等。而进行时表示正在进行的动作。The joke is amusing .这笑话很逗人。The problem is puzzling. 这个问题令人不解。The task of this class is practising the idioms. （现在分词做表语）With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. （现在进行时） （三）现在分词作宾语补足语：1、下面的动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, f
25、ind, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch 等。现在分词作宾语补足语表示主动且动作正在进行或某一阶段正在持续用现在分词Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。不定式与现在分词在句中做宾语补足语的区别：2、有些动词后的宾语补足语用不带“to“的不定式，表示动作的整个过程。这些动词有：see, watch, notice, hea
26、r, feel, make, let, have 等。We noticed him enter the house. 我们留意到他进了那所房子。The boss made them work twelve hours a day. 老板让他们一天干 12 小时工作。注意：当 make、have 不做“迫使、让”讲，而做“制造、有”解时，跟带有 to 的不定式做状语或定语。Mother made a cake to celebrate his birthday. 妈妈做了一个蛋糕给他庆贺生日。He had a meeting to attend. 他有个会要开。3、在动词 see, watch,
27、 notice, observe, hear, feel, make, set, have, leave, keep, find，listen to, look at后既可用现在分词做补语,也可用不定式做补语。用现在分词表示动作正在进行或某一阶段正在持续；用不定式表示动作的全过程已经完成。We have heard him the song twice.We heard him singing the song when we came in. （四）现在分词作状语：分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致。分词与主语之间为主谓关系用现在分词1）作时间状语：(While) Working
28、 in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。2）作原因状语：Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。3）作方式状语，表示伴随：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。4）作条件状语：(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。5）作结果状语：现在分词作结果状语
29、，往往表示自然的结果，前面还可以加 thus,意义一样He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。6）作目的状语：He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。7）作让步状语：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。8）与逻辑主语构成独立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。All the ticket
30、s having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。有时也可用 with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。9）作独立成分：Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看，他一定是个演员。Ge
31、nerally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。不定式与现在分词作结果状语的区别：动词不定式作结果状语，往往表示出乎意料的结果；现在分词作结果状语，往往表示自然的结果，前面可以加 thus,意义一样。He hurried home only to find his money stolen.Football is played in more than 80 countries,making it a popular sport.过去分词过去分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。一、 过去分词的形式：过去分词是由动词
32、的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式：Ved 或者动词的不规则变法。如：done、gone 等。否定式：not + 过去分词二、 过去分词的句法功能：1） 、过去分词作定语：1.过去分词作定语,作用相当于一个定语从句.如: Whats the language spoken (= that is spoken)in that area?那个地区讲的是什么语言? Is there anything planned ( = that has been planned) for tonight?今晚安排了什么活动没有? 2.过去分词短语还可以作非限制性定语,作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句.如: The
33、book, written in 1957( = which was written in 1957), tells the struggle of the miners.这本书是 1957 年写的,讲的是关于矿工斗争的故事. 3.单个过去分词作定语常放在所修饰的名词之前,也可放在其后.如: Do you know the number of books ordered?订了多少书,你知道吗? They decided to change the used material.他们决定改变所用材料 . 4.过去分词作定语修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系) ，常表示动作发生的时间早于谓语动
34、词或者没有时间性,只表示被动关系.如: The question discussed is very important.被讨论过的问题是很重要的.(既表被动又表完成) I dont like to see letters written in pencil.我不喜欢看用铅笔写的信 .(没有一定的时间性,只表被动) 5.注意过去分词与其它非谓语形式作定语的区别:现在分词(doing)作定语, 修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系 )，表示一个主动的、正在进行的动作 ;现在分词的被动语态(being done)表示一个被动的、正在进行的动作; 不定式(to do) 作定语表示一个将要发生
35、的动作.如: The meeting being held(which is being held) now is very important.正在召开的这个会议很重要. The meeting held(which was held) yesterday is very important.昨天召开的会议很重要. The meeting to be held(which will be held) tomorrow is very important.明天将要召开的会议很重要.2） 、过去分词作表语：作用相当于一个形容词。过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人；现在分词作表语表示主语的性
36、质，而且主语多为物。The film “Pearl Harbor” is really exciting. I am excited about it.His response to the question was quite disappointing. I felt disappointed at his response.3）、过去分词作宾语补足语：1.过去分词可以在 allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order,
37、permit, prefer, remember, request, require, see,urge 动词等后面作宾语补足语。After my encounter with her, I found myself greatly shaken. You should keep her informed of what is going on here. The teacher expected the students well prepared for the examination. 2. 在动词 see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, mak
38、e, set, have, leave, keep, find 等词后既可用现在分词、过去分词做补语,也可用不定式做补语。用现在分词表示主动，动作正在进行或某一阶段正在持续；用过去分词表被动，动作已经完成；用不定式表示的动作的全过程已经完成。We heard him singing the song when we came in. 当我们进来的时候，听见他正唱那首歌。We have heard the song sung twice. 我们听过这首歌唱过两遍了。Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Yes, I did. I heard him k
39、nock three times.4） 、过去分词作状语：1、过去分词作状语可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等，作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。过去分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better. He looked tired and depressed, disturbed by the news of his mothers illness.分词在句子中作状语，
40、使用现在分词还是过去分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，动宾或被动关系用过去分词。Not having enough hands, we turned to them for help.(we dont have enough hands).Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (We are taught by mistakes and setbacks ). Inspired by the International situation,
41、 the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. (The working people were inspired by the International situation)2、 “while (when, once, until, if , though 等连词) 分词”结构：现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加 while，when, once, although, until, if 等连词。When leaving the airport, she wa
42、ved again and again to us.While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work.Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well. Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be dif
43、ficult to understand.3.用分词短语作状语时，它逻辑上的主语要与句子的主语保持一致，否则分词短语就要有自己的逻辑主语(用名词或代词的主格来表示 )，这种结构称为 独立主格结构。I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 如果时间
44、允许，我们将做另两个练习。不定式与分词做状语的区别：1、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因：He hurried home only to find his money stolen. 他匆忙赶到家中，发现钱被盗了。 （动词不定式作结果状语，往往表示出乎意料的结果）To make himself heard, he raised his voice. 为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。 （目的状语）All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. 看到他的进步，我们都很吃惊。(原因状语)2、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式、结果
45、：Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful. 从山上看，这座城市很美。 （条件状语）Coming into the room, he found his father angry. 当走进房间时，他发现父亲生气了。 （时间状语）Being tired, they went on working. 虽然累了，但他们继续工作。 （让步状语）Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. 由于被大孩子打了鼻子，那个小男孩哭了。 （原因状语）
46、He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. 他把一个手指放进嘴里，尝了尝，笑了，看起来挺高兴。 （伴随状语）Football is played in more than 80 countries,making it a popular sport.(现在分词作结果状语，往往表示自然的结果，前面还可以加 thus,意义一样) 基础过关1.The recorder _ now is Marys Arepairing B to be repaired Crepaired Dbeing rep
47、aired 2._ around the library，we were taken to see the lab ABeing shown BShowing CHaving been shown DHaving shown 3._ them around the library，we took them to see the lab ABeing shown BShowing CHaving been shown DHaving shown 4.Look， there are many _ leaves in the sky Afallen Bfalling C Dfell5.The gro
48、und has been covered with a lot of _ leaves Afallen Bfalling C Dfell6.In some parts of London，missing a bus means for another hour Awaiting B to wait Cwait Dto be waiting 7.European football is played in 80 countries it the most popular sport in the world Amaking Bmakes Cmade Dto make (NMET 98) 8.The missing boys were last seen near the river Aplaying Bto be playing Cplay Dto play (NMET 94)9. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _ the girl and took her away, _ in the woods.A. seizing; disappeared B. seiz
