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无敌英语语法-代词篇.doc

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1、1代 词【知识要点】一、代词的分类1.人称代词:主格 I, we, you, he, she, it, they宾格 me, us, you, him, her, it, them2.物主代词:形容词性 my, our, your, his, her, its, their名词性 mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs3.反身代词:单数 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself复数 ourselves, yourselves, themselves4. 相互代词:each other (两者之间相互);on

2、e another (两者以上的相互)5. 指示代词:this, that, these, those6. 疑问代词:who, whom, whose, which, what7. 关系代词:who, whom, whose, that( 指人),which, that, as, whose(指物)8.不定代词:all, each, either, neither, both, none, other, another, something, everything, nothing, somebody, everybody, nobody, someone, everyone, no one,

3、 many, much, few, less二、双重所有格物主代词不可与a,an,this , that,these,those,some,any,several,no,each,every ,such,another,which 等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。公式为:a,an ,this ,that+名词+of+名词性物主代词。 eg. a friend of mine三、指示代词1、指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人。如:(对)That is my teacher.那是我的老师。 (that 作主语,指人) (对)He is going

4、 to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。 (this 作限定词)(错)He is going to marry this.(this 作宾语时不能指人)(对)I bought this.我买这个。 (this 指物,可作宾语 )2、that 和 those 可作定语从句的先行词,但 this 和 these 不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有 those 可指人,试比较:(对)He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。2(对) He admired those who looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂

5、亮的人。 (those 指人)(错) He admired that who danced well.(that 作宾语时不能指人)(对)He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。 (those 指人)(对)He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。 (those 指物)四、反身代词表示“我自己 ”“你自己”“他自己”“ 我们自己”“ 你们自己 ”和“他们自己”等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为“ 反身代词”。如:She was talking to herself. 她自言自语。反身代词

6、的用法1.作宾语,如1)有些动词需有反身代词,如:We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。2)用于及物动词+宾语+介词,如:take pride in,be annoyed with,help oneself to sth 等。I could not dress(myself)up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。注:有些动词后不跟反身代词,如:get up,sit down,stand up,wake up 等。Plea

7、se sit down. 2.用作表语。如I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。3.用作同位语。如The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。4.在不强调的情况下,but,except,for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。注意:1) 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。(错)Myself drove the car.(对)I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。2)但在 and,or,nor 连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是 myself 作主语。如:Charles and myself

8、 saw it.查尔斯和我看见了这件事。五、不定代词的用法辨析1. nothing, none, no one3none 作为代词,最常用来表示数量,常回答 how much 或 how many 的问题;而 nothing是相对于 something(有某物),什么都没有,它回答的是“What is in/on.”的问题;而 no one=nobody 没有人,它回答的是“Who did that?”(谁)或是 anyone(有没有人)的问题。2. one, ones, that, those, it(1)one 和 ones 可以用来代替前面提到过的可数名词,one 代单数,ones 代复

9、数, one前面一般不加 a,因为它本身有 “一个”的意思,但如果 one 前面有形容词修饰,则需要加a/an。one 可以单独使用,意思为“ 任何人”。例如:Shall we have a rest?Didnt we just have one? (因为 one=a something)I happened to see a book about George W. Bush, a nice one indeed.One should always believe in oneself.(2)that 与 those:that 可以代替前面提到的不可数名词或可数名词单数,相当于 the on

10、e;而 those 代替前面提到的复数名词,有时可以用 the ones 替换。例如:The population of China is bigger than that of India. (that=the population)The boy told his story and that of the girl next room. (that=the story)The cell phones we made nowadays are better than those/the ones made 2 years ago.(those= the cell phones=the on

11、es)(3)one 和 it:4两者都可以用来代替前面出现过的单数名词,one 指这类东西中的任何一个,指类属,泛指。it 指前面所指的同一物。例如:I need a pen to sign my name. Can I have one? (one =a pen)I cannot find my new pen. Have you seen it?(it 指那支新钢笔)3. another, the other, other, others, the others (1)another 和 the other:两者都是“ 另一个” 的意思,但数量上有区别 :用 another 指两个以上的数

12、量,而 the other只指两个中的另一个,例如:He has three brothers, one is a teacher, another is a doctor and the third is an engineer.He has a book in one hand and a pen in the other.注:another 除了可以作代词,还可以用作形容词。这里有必要区别 another, the other 和more 的用法: another:表“另一个 ”时只跟可数名词单数,而表 “另外的、额外的、附加的”时,可跟带有 few 或具体数字的复数名词。例如: Hav

13、e you finished your report yet?No,I will finish it in another 10 minutes.There is room for another few people in the back of the bus. other:表“另外的”接复数名词,如与具体数词连用,则置于数词之后,但与定冠词 the 连用时,other 要放在数词前。例如:Tony is going camping with two other little boys next Sunday.Do you know where he found the other two

14、 photos? more:more 一般位于数词之后,名词之前。例如:One more step,and Ill shoot you.Where shall we be in ten more years?more 除跟数词外,还可与 many, a little,a few ,a lot,several 等词连用,例如:There are many more dictionaries on the desk.Would you like some more tea?5(2) others, the othersothers 是相对于 some 来说的:some.someothers. (一

15、些一些另一些)是泛指;而 the others 是特指另一些。例如:Class 1 are cleaning the classroom. Some are sweeping the floor, some are cleaning the window, and others are washing the blackboard. (泛指)There are only 20 students in the classroom, where are the others.(特指)4. both, other, neither, each, any, allboth:两者都,谓语动词用复数;ei

16、ther:两者中间的任何一个,谓语动词用单数;neither:两者中间无任何一个,谓语动词多用单数,也可以用复数;each:两个或两个以上中的每一个,谓语动词用单数;any:三者或三者以上中的任何一个,谓语动词用单数;all:三者或三者以上全部;5. some, any, nosome 属于肯定词,主要用于肯定句中,但当说话人期待肯定回答时,也可以用于疑问句中。例如:Could I have some more tea, please?Would you like some more coffee?any 属于非肯定词,主要用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。它可以与形容词的比较级连用。例如:Don

17、t come any closer, or Ill shoot!no 属于否定词,用于否定句中:no+可数名词单数= not a/anno+可数名词复数= not any。例如:There is no such thing as a free lunch in the world. (注意 thing 前面没有冠词 a)考点 1 指示代词1this/these,that/thosethis, these 指代下面要说的内容;that,those 指代上面陈述过的内容。如:What Id like to say about how to improve our spoken English is

18、 like this关于如何提高6我们的英语口语,我想说的是这样的。Salaries are higher here than those in my hometown这里的薪水比我家乡的高。2this ,that 有时可以用作副词,意为“这么,那么 ”,用在形容词或副词前作状语,表示程度,如: It isnt that cold还没那么冷。考点 2 易混不定代词以下是几组易混不定代词:1all,both,neither ,none(1)all 指三者或三者以上“都”,both 指两者“都” 。如:Both(of)his hands were wounded All(of)his finger

19、s were wounded(2)neither 表示“ 两个都不”,常和 of 连用,放在带有冠词、物主代词或指示代词的复数名词之前,作主语时,谓语动词可以用单数或复数;none 表示三个或三个以上“ 都不”,可用于人,也可用于物,后可接 of 短语,与复数名词、代词或单数集合名词连用作主语,指人时,谓语动词用单、复数皆可;指物时,只用第三人称单数形式。如:Neither of the twins is/are correctNone of us has/have ever been to the Great wall 2no,none ,nothing ,nobody(1)no 不能单独使

20、用,相当于 not a 或 not any,作定语修饰可数名词或不可数名词。如:You have no sympathy for the sufferings of others你对别人的痛苦没有同情心。(2)none 既可以指人,也可以指物,侧重指三者或三者以上的人或物,用于回答 how many/much 引导的疑问句,可与介词 of 连用。如:None of the books is suitable for the young一 How many people are there in the room?一 None(3)nobody 指人,用于回答 who 引导的疑问句;nothin

21、g 指物,用于回答 what 引导的疑问句。如:一 Who is in the room?一 Nobody 3it,one,ones, that 和 those7(1)it 特指上文所提到的同一个物。one 指上文提到的同类事物中的一个,不特指。如:Where is that book? I cant find it 。I havent got any erasersWill you please give me one?(2)one 与 that 都可用来代替上文中出现的名词,one 前要用定冠词 the,有时 that 和 the one 可互换使用。如:The book isnt so

22、interesting as the one/that you borrowed (3)但 that 和 one 在多数情况下是不能互换的,主要区别在于:a. that 既可代替可数名词,也可代替不可数名词,常要求有后置定语,一般不指人,复数形式为 those。b. one 只能代替可数名词单数,复数形式为 ones。c. 当可数名词前有形容词修饰时,只能用 one,不用that。d. 当 of 短语作可数名词的后置定语时,用 that,不用 one。如:The best cigarettes are those from Yunnan The boy told me his story an

23、d that of the girl next doorYour coat is blue,and my new one is green (4)the ones 用来代替上文提到的特指的复数名词,有时可以用those 代替,尤其在有后置定语的情况下。如:The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk桌上的那些书比桌下的好。4another, other,others,more(1)another 既可以单独使用,也可以用于单数名词前,泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个人或物”。还可以用 “another+数

24、量词+复数名词”,表示”再,又” 。如:Was there another way out? 还有别的路出去吗?Wed better wait another five minutes (2)other 不能单独使用,应用于复数名词前,表示另外的某些人或物,也可以用在some, any,no 之后,或具体数词之后,再接名词,构成”不定代词或具体数词+other+名词”;接单数名词时,还可以用在冠词 the 后,特指两个人或物中的另外一个(可以省略为 the other),或特指另外的某些人或物 (可以省略为 the others),others 泛指” 其他的(事物) ,别人” 。如:One

25、remained and the other went away一个留下了,另一个走了。We should learn to treat others as equals我们应该学会平等待人。典例 1: Swimming is my favorite sport. There is _ like swimming as a means of 8keeping fit.A something B anything C nothing D everything典例 2: Jane was asked a lot of questions,but she didnt answer of themAo

26、ther Bany Cnone Dsome典例 3: Nine in ten parents said there were significant differences in their approach to educating their children compared with of their parentsAthose Bone Cboth Dthat典例:Isnt it amazing how the human body heals after an injury?Ahimself Bhim Citself Dit考点 3 it 的用法在英语中,运用 it 的场合较多。从

27、它在句中的作用和意义来看,it 的用法可分为三类:1指代作用(1)用作人称代词,代替前文或后文所提到的同一事物(单数可数名词或不可数名词)。如:Although we cannot see it,there is air all around us虽然我们看不见空气,但它却在我们的周围。(2)代替前面的整个句子。如:It is said that he has died of a disease,but it isnt true据说他已经病死了,但这不是真的。(3)用在答语中代替指示代词 this,that。如:一 What is this?一 Its a bike (4)代替不能或没有必要区

28、分性别的或某些习惯说法中的人。如:The baby cried because it was hungry (婴儿习惯上不区分性别)一 Who is knocking at the door?一 Its me (5)指环境、情形等。如:9I cant stand it any longer我再也不能容忍这种情况了。Take it easy别紧张。It doesnt matter没关系。(6)指度量衡单位、时间、距离、季节、天气及自然现象。如:Its getting colder and colder nowIt is winter now 2形式作用(1)形式主语当动词不定式、v.ing 形式

29、或从句作主语时,通常把它们放在谓语之后,而用 it 作句子的形式主语。如:(I)Its no use crying over spilt milk谚 覆水难收。It takes three generations to make a gentleman谚十年树木,百年树人。(2)形式宾语当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、v-ing 形式或宾语从句时,往往把真正的宾语放在补足语后面,而用 it 作形式宾语,放在宾语补足语之前。如: You must make it clear to them that the situation is serious你必须向他们表明形势是严峻的。They though

30、t it difficult to talk to the guests about the recent events他们觉得和客人们谈近来发生的事情很困难。特别提示形式宾语用在“ 主语+ 谓语动词+宾语”结构中,谓语动词appreciate,dislike,hate, like,love,make(按时到达,成功 )等后接由 if 或 when 等引导的从句时,往往在从句前加形式宾语 it。如:1 would appreciate it if you paid in cash如果你能支付现金的话,我会不胜感激。The boy likes it when you do that那个男孩喜欢你那样做。3强调作用it 可以用来改变句子的结构,使句子的某一成分得到强调。强调句型的基本结构为:It is/was+所强调的成分 +that/who/whom+其他成分。10例题答案:CBD(指代的名词和前面提到的名词是同一类,即同名异物,要用 that) C

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