1、1. An abstract serves an important function in a research report. It communicates the scope of your paper and the topics discussed to your reader. In doing so, it facilitates research. Abstracts help scientists to locate materials that are relevant to their research from among published papers, and
2、many times scientists will only read a papers abstract in order to determine whether the paper will be relevant to them. Considering your audience and their needs will help you to determine what should be included in your abstract.(P30-2.1.3)摘要在一份研究报告中起到重要的作用。它把你的研究范围和你读者讨论的题目联系在一起。这样做时，帮助了研究。摘要可以帮助
3、科学家从众多出版物中查找与他们研究有关的材料，很多时候科学家只阅读文章的摘要去判定这篇文章是否对他们有用。考虑到你的读者以及他们的需求会帮助你决定你的摘要应该包括哪些内容。2. An informative abstract acts as a report in miniature, encapsulating the whole paper. It summarizes the key information from every major section in the body of the report, and provides the key facts and conclusi
4、ons from the body of the report. A good way to develop an informative abstract is to devote a sentence or two to each of the major parts of the report. If space permits, you can provide contextual information such as background of the problem and the significance of the research, but you can also om
5、it contextual information because the abstract is not supposed to serve as an introduction to the subject matter of the reportyour introduction will serve that role. You should, however, include key numerical facts to make the informative abstract brief and readers will not be surprised to see key d
6、ata in an informative abstract.(P34-2.3.1)一段信息性摘要起到浓缩整片文章使之成为微型报告的作用。他概述了报告主体部分每个主要段落的关键信息，还提供了关键事实和结论。开发一段信息性摘要有一个好方法就是从报告的每个主要段落提炼一到两句话。如果空间允许的话，你可以提供上下文的信息，如问题的背景和研究的意义，但是你也可以忽略上下文信息，因为摘要不应该像介绍那样阐述报告的主题，而你的介绍才是这样的角色。然而，你必须包括关键数据使信息性摘要简短，并且读者在信息性摘要中看到关键数据不会惊讶。3. An indicative abstracts (sometimes
7、called descriptive abstracts) merely includes information about the purpose, scope and methods used to arrive at the findings contained in the original document. The function of indicative abstracts is to help readers understand the general nature and scope of the research article. An indicative abs
8、tract indicates the subject and the main findings of the paper but it does not go into a detailed step-by-step account of the process involved. It is brief and concise, from which readers can decide if they should continue to read the entire paper. This type of abstract is often used in writing theo
9、retical papers, commentary articles, and in some circumstances, conference proceedings.(P35-2.3.2)一篇指示性摘要（有时候会称之为描述性摘要）仅仅包括原始文档中目的、范围以及用来得到研究结果的方法的信息。指示性摘要的作用是帮助读者理解科研文章的一般性质和范围。指示性摘要显示文章的主题和主要发现，但并不一步一步详细的介绍过程。它言简意赅，读者可以因此决定是否需要阅读整篇文章。这种类型的摘要通常在理论论文，评论文章，以及某些情况下的会议论文集中被使用。4.Put simply, abstracts an
10、d summaries are similar-they both represent abbreviated forms of longer works and occasionally the terms are used interchangeably-but they are not identical. Abstracts which frequently accompany journal articles and technical reports condense the document to give readers essential information about
11、research purpose, methods, results, conclusions and recommendations. Most abstracts are a single paragraph, and seldom more than one page. By contrast, summaries are thorough usually longer than abstracts. They are less concerned with condensing the document than with emphasizing results, conclusion
12、s and recommendations. Independent or executive summaries precede document, concluding summaries end a document.(P40-2.5 最后一段，多为中翻英)简而言之，摘要和概要是相似的，他们都是长篇作品的缩略形式，偶尔是可以互换的，但它们又是不同的。摘要通常是伴随期刊论文和科技报告一起的，通过压缩文档告诉读者研究目的、方法、结果、结论和建议的主要信息。大部分摘要只有一个段落，很少会超过一页。相比之下，概要通常比摘要篇幅长。它们注重于强调结果，结论和建议而不是压缩文档。独立概要或执行纲要在
13、文档的前面，结束概要在文档的结尾。5.An abstracts must be a fully self-contained, capsule description of the paper. It cant assume (or attempt to provoke) the reader into flipping through looking for an explanation of what is meant by some vague statement. It must make sense all by itself. Some points to consider inc
14、lude: Meet the word count limitation. If your abstract runs too long, either it will be rejected or someone will take a chainsaw to it to get it down to size. Your purposes will be better served by doing the difficult task of cutting yourself, rather than leaving it to someone else who might be more
15、 interested in meeting size restrictions than in representing your efforts in the best possible manner.(P43-2.6.6)一篇摘要必须是完全独立的，是整篇文章简要的描述。摘要不应该因为读者在翻阅查找某个解释时遇到模糊不清的语句而使读者厌恶（或试图激怒） 。摘要必须依靠它本身就可以解释清楚。以下几点需要考虑到：满足字数限制。如果你的摘要过长，要么它会被拒绝要么会被别人舍弃一部分使得篇幅变小。通过你自己来缩减摘要可以更好的达到你的目的，而不是让其他人完成，他们可能更关注的是使文章满足字数限制而
16、不是将你的努力用最好的方式表达。(P47-3.1 中间段 )6.Of the various types of documents, scientists and engineers take greatest pride in writing research papers for publication in journals, which keep scientists and engineers up to date on what is going on in their professions. The writer has information the reader needs
17、: what was found, how it was found, what the findings mean. Good scientists and engineers are interested in the quality of their writing as they are in order aspects of their work. They know that technical effort counts for little if the written reports of that work do not convey information adequat
18、ely. 在不同类型的文档中，最让科学家和工程师倍感自豪的是为期刊出版社撰写科研论文，这使得他们了解他们所在领域的最新消息。作者有读者所需要的信息：什么被发现，如何被发现的，这些发现意味着什么。优秀的科学家、工程师对他们文章质量和工作的的其他方面一样感兴趣。他们知道如果他们工作的书面报告没有充分表达信息那么他们在技术上的努力就会不被放在眼里。7.The key to an effective research paper is integrating the research into the body of the paper. This is also the most difficult
19、 part of writing the paper. The research should support and lend credence to your conclusions, but it should not dominate the paper. Much of the writing should be your own ideas that are supported by research. Transitional words and phrases should be used to connect your thoughts to the references.
20、If thats not done, the writing will be stilted and contrived; the paper will be choppy, and coherence will be lost. Remember that the research paper is like all other formal essays, and all of the rules of good writing apply. The paper should have an introduction, a body and a conclusion. It should
21、be focused and fully developed.(P51 中间段，重点！)一篇实在的科研论文的关键在于整合研究的主体。这也是论文写作最困难的部分。研究应该支持和验证了你的结论，但不应该占文章的主体。应该大量写依赖于研究而产生的你自己的想法。应该使用过渡词和短语来连接你的想法和引文。如果不这样做，文章将显得生硬而做作；并且波浪起伏失去连贯性。记住一点，科研论文就像其他所有正式的论文一样，所有规则都适用于一篇好的写作。论文必须包括介绍，主体和结论，必须受到关注和充分发展。8.It is widely recognized that writing introductions is s
22、low, difficult, and troublesome for both native speakers as well as nonnative speakers. A very long time ago, the Greek philosopher Plato remarked, “the beginning is half of the whole.” Indeed, eventually producing a good introduction section always seems like a battle hard won.(P53-3.2 第一小段)写介绍是缓慢的
23、、困难的、麻烦的，这是被广泛公认的，无论作者是不是母语者。在很久以前，希腊的哲学家柏拉图就评论道， “开始就是成功的一半” 。确实，最终完成好的介绍章节就像战争中来之不易的胜利。9.The introduction section normally leads the reader from a general subject area to a particular field of research. It should guild the reader to current research in the field by discussing the results and concl
24、usions of previously published studies, so as to help explain why the current study is of scientific interest. (P53-3.2 第二小段)介绍章节一般是将读者从一个泛泛的主题牵引到研究的特定领域。通过讨论之前发表作品的结果和结论，它要把读者引导这个领域的最新研究，以便帮助解释最新研究具有科学意义的原因。10.In contrast to other types of introduction, research paper introductions aimed at special
25、ists include technical details and a short review of previous work on the topic. Articles aimed at specialists may begin with an introduction based on either a long-form or a short-form problem statement. The problem or research question is normally the topic or one aspect of a research which cant b
26、e possible without the previous research work and giants contribution. Therefore, citations of their research are necessary. (P59-3.3.2，多为英译汉，重点！)相较其他类型的介绍，科研论文的介绍是针对专家,包括技术细节和对主题相关的先前工作的回顾。针对专家的文章一般是以介绍开头，介绍是基于详细格式或简易格式问题的陈述。通常作为主题或者研究的一个方面的难题或研究问题，若没有先前的研究工作和伟人的贡献是不可能解答的。所以引用他们的研究是有必要的。11.Summarie
27、s of the statistical analyses may appear either in the text (usually parenthetically) or in the relevant Table or Figures (in the legend or as footnotes to the Table or Figure). The Results section should be organized around a series of Tables and/or Figures sequenced to present your key findings in
28、 a logical order. The text of the Results section follows this sequence and highlights the answers to the questions/hypotheses you investigated. Important negative results should be reported, too. Authors usually write the text of the results section based upon this sequence of Table and Figure. (P7
29、5-3.5 第二小段) 统计分析的概要可以是在文本中（通常附带说明）也可以是在相关的表格图形中（在图例中或作为表格图形的脚注） 。结果章节应该围绕一系列按顺序排列的表格和/或图像进行组织来按逻辑顺序表达你的关键发现。结果章节的文本也遵循这个顺序并强调你调查的问题/假定的答案。重要的负面结果也要报告。作者撰写结果章节的文本通常也是在表格和图形顺序基础上进行的。12.Like many other aspects of writing, data commentaries are exercises in positioning yourself. There are, as a result,
30、both dangers and opportunities. One danger is to simply repeat in words what the data has expressed in nonverbal fromin other words, to offer description rather than commentary. An opposite danger is to read too much into the data and draw unjustified conclusions. The art of the matter is to find th
31、e right strength of claim for the data and then order your statements in some appropriate way (such as from the more significant to the less significant). In most cases, this means moving in a generalspecific direction. (P79-3.5.2 第三小段) 就像写论文的其他方面一样，对数据进行注释是一种自我定位的练习。因此，这是危机与机会并存的。危机之一是只是简单的用非动词来重复数
32、据所表达的内容，换言之就是只是描述而没有评注。相对的危机就是对数据过度解读并得出未被证明正确性的结论。它的艺术所在就是控制好数据评论的力度并以合适的方式排列你的陈述（比如从重要的到相对不重要的） 。在绝大多数情况下，这意味着从一般到特殊的方向进行。13.With any scientific process, there is no such ideal as proof or total rejection, and researchers must, by necessity, work upon probabilities. That means that, whatever level
33、 of proof was reached, there is still the possibility that the results may be wrong. Therefore, writers need not only good judgment about data while making highlight statements about data, but also good presentation of judgment. Thus, they have two requirements. One is the need to be cautiousand som
34、etimes criticalabout the data. As Skelton (1988) neatly observed, “It is important for students to learn to be confidently uncertain.” The other requirement is to have the linguistic resources to express this caution. In ways of qualifying or moderating a claim. (P83-3.5.6)在任何的科学进程中都没有绝对的肯定或绝对的否定，研究
35、者不可避免的要涉及到可能性。这就意味着无论验证到哪个级别都存在结果是错误的可能性。因此，作者不仅要在最重要部分数据陈述时擅长对数据的判断，还要擅长对判断的描述。从而这就有两方面的要求。一个是对数据要谨慎有时要以批判的态度。正如斯凯尔顿曾简略的总结说， “对学生来说学会自信地去质疑是十分重要的” 。另一个要求是有足够的语言资源来表达。14.The discussion and conclusion section is somehow he counterpart of the introduction. The function of the Discussion is to interpre
36、t your results in light of what was already known about the subject of the investigation, and to explain our new understanding of the problem after taking your results into consideration. The Discussion explains the implications of your results to other work, both theoretical and experimental. Along
37、 with the introduction, it explains why your work is important, how it contributes to the advancement of the field. You want to avoid introducing new ideas here or discussing tangential issues not directly related to the exploration and discovery of your thesis. It is critical that the Discussion be
38、 done carefully and thoroughly. As Robert Day has noted. (P87-3.6)讨论和结论章节会以某种方式与介绍相对应。讨论的作用是根据已知研究对象解释你的结果并且在考虑你的结果后将我们不解的地方进行解释。讨论是用来解释结果含义的。它通过把你试验结果与其他成果相联系，无论理论上还是实验上，将这个结果与这个领域的环境相融合。连同介绍一起，它解释了为什么你的工作是重要的，它如何对这个领域的进步做出贡献的。你要避免在这里介绍新的想法或讨论与你论文的探索和发现没有直接联系的问题。认真并充分地进行讨论部分是至关重要的。正如Robert Day 所言。
39、15.Writing a summary (or summarizing information) is a common way of integrating information into your original work that requires care and attention to detail. By summarizing, an author reduces a text, concept, idea, or data set to its most basic point or element without appropriating the language
40、of the source. While you cannot retain all the definition and detail of the original context of the information in a brief summary, effort to represent the essential point within its context is essential or you risk distortion of the original meaning. (P100-中间部分)撰写概要（或概要信息）是一种将信息整合到你的原著中的普遍方式，这需要对细节
41、处理十分谨慎和关注。在概要中，作者要通过缩减文本、观点、想法或数据来得到基本要点或要素，而又不占用语言空间。虽然你不能在简短的概要中保留原文信息的所有定义和细节，但努力在上下文中表达要点是必要的，否则你会有曲解原意的风险。16.An active and efficient researcher may use summarizing as an effective way of building his own repository of research literature that he can readily taps into. Writing a summary and a re
42、view following reading a research report can help the reader and potential researcher digest the information of the source and develop insights into it, let alone form a lasting memory of it. Writing a summary helps a writer develop an understanding of the subject matter. Once that understanding is
43、developed the writer becomes up to data hopefully with current knowledge. (P101-4.1.3，多为英译汉，重点！) 一名积极的有效率的研究者会把概要作为建立自己研究资料知识库的一个有效途径，以便于他可以容易的利用。在阅读研究报告后撰写一篇概要和回顾可以帮助读者和潜在研究者融会贯通原始资料的信息，并培养对此的洞察力，甚至是对此形成持久的记忆。撰写概要能帮助作者建立对主旨的理解力。一旦理解力建立了，那么就很有希望跟上最新的知识。模拟题一1. An abstract should represent as much as
44、possible of the quantitative information in the document, while there is no need for the consideration of qualitative information. False P31: 2.1 An abstract should represent as much as possible of the quantitative and qualitative information in the document, and also reflect its reasoning. 2. In th
45、e writing of abstract, it is advisable to repeat the title as it can remind the reader of the thesis. False P28 倒数第二段 An abstract will nearly always be read along with the title, so do not repeat or rephrase the title. 3. An abstract should have the following central qualities: brevity, accuracy, sp
46、ecificity, subjectivity, informativeness and independency. False P32 brevity, accuracy, specificity, objectivity, informativeness and independency.4. Just like description, persuasion, and argumentation, complex sentences are more used in the abstract writing. False P33: Simple sentences are more us
47、ed in the abstract writing, as it is not of description, persuasion, and argumentation. 5. An indicative abstract indicates the subject and the main findings of the paper, but it does not go into a detailed step-by-step account of the process involved. True P35: 2.3.2 书本原话6. An informative abstract
48、is often used in writing theoretical papers, commentary articles, and in some circumstances, conference proceedings. False P35: 2.3.2 An indicative abstract is often used in writing theoretical papers, commentary articles, and in some circumstances, conference proceedings. Matching A) If pressed for
49、 space, concentrate on the problem and, especially, your findings. B) Writing an abstract is to help readers quickly and accurately identify the substance of your work and decide its relevance to their own interests. C) Thus, your abstract should describe the most important aspects of the study within the word-limit provided by the journal. D) It is not merely a descriptive guide to the paper. Abstracts are found at the beginning of journal articles, research papers, reports, theses, and dissertations. An abstract is a complete but concise and informative account of your work, i
