1、1第 27 讲 动词的时态和语态一、知识点聚焦 (一)常见时态1.将来时：will/shall 用作将来。表说话者临时想到要干的某个动作，是说话者主观态度或看法。一般现在时、现在进行时、be to do 以及 be going to 均可用来表将来。 例 1Did you tell Julia about the result? Oh, no, I forget. I _her now. A. will be calling B. will call C. call D. am to call 答案 B。从题干得知我并未告知 Julia 结果，受对方启示，说话者现在临时想到要告知对方。2.进行
2、时 (1).过去进行时：过去某个时刻正在进行的动作用过去进行时。例 2Susan decided not to work on the program at home because she didnt want her parents to know what she_. A. has done B. had done C. was doing D. is doing 答案 C。句子的语境是过去时，所以 A 和 D 均错；Susan 不想让其父母知道她眼下正在干什么，便背着父母偷偷干。 (2).现在进行时： 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或现阶段一直在进行的动作。例 3 Although
3、the causes of cancer _, we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it. (山东 2006) A. are being uncovered B. have been uncovering C. are uncovering D. have uncovered 答案 A。主语 causes of cancer 和谓语动词 uncover 存在动宾关系，故选用被动语态，排除选项 B、C 、D ；致癌原因正被揭开，故选进行时的被动语态。 (3).将来进行时：将来某个时刻正在发生的动作用将来进行时，注意时间暗示。 例 4 A
4、t this time tomorrow _over the Atlantic. A. were going to fly B. well be flying C. well fly D. were to fly 答案 B。明天此时我们正飞越大西洋。描述将来某个时刻正在发生的动作。 (4).现在（过去）完成进行时 某个动作或过程过去已经开始，一直持续到说话时刻，有可能继续延续。因此，现在完成进行时仍带有进行时的持续性；某个动作或过程过去的过去已经开始，一直持续到过去某个时刻，有可能继续延续，用过去完成进行时。 例 5 I wont tell the student the answer to
5、the math problem until he _on it for more than an hour. (湖北 2006) A. has been working B. will have worked C. will have been working D. had worked 答案 A。在时间状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时，故排除选项 B 和 C；据时态呼应规则，排除选项 D；学生一直在做数学练习，直到规定时间完毕才公布答案。 3.一般过去时：一般过去时表在过去某时间中一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态或过去经常性习惯性动作，但现已不复存在，侧重描述过去事实，与现在没有联系。 例
6、6 My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He _there for a few months and then went to America. (江西 2006) A. worked B. would work C. would be working D. has been working 答案 A。描述过去曾发生的事实， and then went 也加以提示。 4.完成时 2(1).现在完成时：现在完成时表示某个动作或过程在过去某个时间已经开始，现在已经完成或可能继续延续下去。 例 7 Customers are asked to make s
7、ure that they _the right change before leaving the shop.(重庆 2006) A. will give B. have been given C. have given D. will be given 答案 B。考查宾语从句的时态兼语态。 “找零”动作发生在“离开”之前，故用完成时。 (2).过去完成时：某个动作或过程在过去的过去已经完成，与现在没有联系。 例 8 Father _for London on business upon my arrival, so I didnt see him. (福建 2005) A. has lef
8、t B. left C. was leaving D. had left 答案 D。 “父亲去伦敦出差”这一动作在我去看他之前已经发生，故我没见着他应表过去的过去之意。 (3).将来完成时 将来某一时刻前已完成的动作或过程用将来完成时。 例 9 By the time Jane gets home, her aunt _for London to attend a meeting. (天津 2005) A. will leave B. leaves C. will have left D. left 答案 C。等 Jane 回到家，她姑妈已离开去伦敦开会了。描述将来某一时刻前已完成的动作。5.
9、一般现在时：一般现在时表不受时限的客观存在、现在习惯性动作及现在状态或瞬间动作。 例 10 The father as well as his three children _skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. (辽宁 2006) A. is going B. go C. goes D. are going 答案 C。描述现在习惯性动作使用一般现在时。 “A+ as well as+ B”作主语， 谓语的数应同 A 保持一致。(二)常见时态的特殊用法 1一般现在时表将来：一般现在时用于主句中可表示按计划或既
10、定日程将要发生的某个动作，谓语动词常为 leave, arrive, take off 等表“到达和离开”的动词。这种计划比较客观，不易更改，且较现在进行时表将来正式。 例 11 What are you going to do this afternoon? (重庆 2005) Im going to the cinema with some friends. The film _quite early, so we _to the bookstore after that. A. finished; are going B. finished; go C. finishes; are go
11、ing D. finishes; go 答案 C。按时间表、既定安排将要发生的动作用一般现在时表将来；事先计划将要干某事，用 be going to do。 2一般过去时表现在： 一般过去时表现在用于表示与现在相反的假设，尤用于 Its time 、I wish 和 Id rather后的从句中。 例 12 How I wish every family _a large house with a beautiful garden! A. has B. had C. will have D. had had 答案 B。此题考查虚拟语气的用法。与现在相反的假设，wish 的宾语从句中谓语动词用一
12、般过去时。 3将来时表计划或安排：除一般现在时和现在进行时可用于表示按计划、安排就要发生的动作外，be going to 以及 be to 亦有此种用法。例 13 _leave at the end of this month. I dont think you should do that until _another job. (北京 2006) A. Im going to; youd found B. Im going to; youve found 3C. Ill; youll find D. Ill; youd find 答案 B。我打算月末离开，be going to 用以表示安
13、排。工作确定以后再离开，两个动作存在明显先后顺序，从句应用完成时。 例 14 In a room above the store, where a party_, some workers were busily seating the table.(湖南 2006) A. was to be held B. has been held C. will be held D. is being held 答案 A。此处 be to do 表计划、安排；主语 ( a party)同 hold 之间存在被动关系，故用被动语态。 4现在进行时 1）表将来：现在进行时可表按照现在计划、安排近期内即将发生
14、的动作，谓语动词多为go，come，leave，start 等位置移动动词。 例 15 Are you still busy? Yes, I _my work, and it wont take long. (浙江 2005) A. just finish B. am just finishing C. have just finished D. am just going to finish 答案 B。工作马上就好。用进行时表即将完成的动作。 2）用于描写：现在进行时用于描写一种状态，表示一种强烈感情色彩，常与频度副词always， continually 等连用，多半表示说话者不满、厌烦等
15、。而一般现在时则侧重于叙述事实，感情色彩较淡。 例 16 Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People _to ask how I am going to spend the money. (湖南 2005 A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning 答案 D。问我如何花这笔钱的电话一直响个不停，描述现阶段一直在进行的动作同时也暗示说话者不满。 5过去完成时表示与过去相反的假设： 过去完成时此种用法常见于 as if，if，if only
16、 分句中以及 I wish，Id rather宾语从句中，表示与过去相反的假设；用于 I had expected（thought/intended/meant）中表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或企图例 17Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate. Oh! I thought they _without me. (江西 2005) A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone 答案 D。我还以为 Alice 和 Sue 不等我就走了。 (三)特定句式中时态的用法 1
17、祈使句：动词原形或名词词组+and/or+ 主语+谓语（用将来时或情态动词）例 18 Turn on the television or a magazine and you _advertisements showing happy families. （湖南 2004） A. will often see B. often see C. are often seeing D. have often seen 答案 A。祈使句+and+句子（谓语动词用将来时） 。 2并列句：若并列连词连接两个动作同时发生无先后顺序，前后时态保持一致；否则考虑使用完成时或其他时态。 例 19 He was h
18、oping to go abroad but his parents_ that they wont support him unless he can borrow money from the bank. (湖北 2005) A. were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decided 4答案 B。此处表“他的父母一直以来下决心 ”，所以应用现在完成时。 3时间（条件）状语从句：在 if in case 等引导条件句和 when 引导的时间状语从句中谓语用一般现在时代替将来时。 例 20 Send my regards to you
19、r lovely wife when you _home. (上海 2006) A. wrote B. will write C. have written D. write 答案 D。when 引导时间状语从句，谓语用一般现在时代替将来时。 4since 分句：在 since 分句中，谓语用非延续动词的一般过去时，与之相对应的主句常用现在完成时；例：It has been almost five years since we saw each other last time.例 21The country life he was used to _ greatly since 1992.（山
20、东 2005） A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed 答案 B。 “自从 1992 年以来，乡村生活已发生变化 ”。动作延续到说话时间，故主句使用现在完成时 5含系动词的一般分句：系动词无被动语态，不使用进行时，常见时态为一般现在时和一般过去时。例 22The water _cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise. (全国 2006) A. was felt B. is felt C. felt D. feels 答案 C。系动词没有被动语态。从 jumped
21、 可以判断此题选用一般过去时以保持时态呼应。（二）动词的语态(一)被动语态的句型1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）be过去分词（by施动者）例如：He was scolded by his teacher.2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be 过去分词。The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为被动，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。例 She lent me a bike.被动：I was lent a bike(by her).
22、A bike was lent to me(by her). 3) 当“动词 +宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例：Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役动词 make 以及感官动词 see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe 等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式 to 要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加 to。例 Someone saw a stranger wal
23、k into the building. 可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5）主语get过去分词其它成分例如：The boy got drowned last summer.She got fired because of her faults.6) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词” ， “动词副词” 等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday.57）双重被动式：主语被动式谓语不定式的被动
24、式其它成分例如；These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.The murderer was ordered to be shot.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态( 一般时态和完成时态) 。例 I dont like being laughed at in the public.He is said to have been badly treated when shopping at the store.(二 ) 如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时，不仅要知
25、道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语) 。例 My bike was stolen last night.2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.3. 为了更好地安排句子。例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）(三 )
26、It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“ 据说” 或“ 相信 ”的动词如 believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think 等可以用于句型“It be 过去分词 that 从句”或“ 主语be 过去分词to do sth.”。It is said that 据说,It is reported that据报道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知， It is thought that大家认为，It is sugg
27、ested that据建议。 例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）( 四)被动语态考查要点1. 不能用被动语态的几种情况所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组，如 break out、take place 等不能用于被动语态之中。It occurred to me that ( occur 不能用被动) 表示状态的谓语动词，当“主+ 动+ 宾”结构的谓语动词是表示状态或特征的及物动词，如：last、hold、benefit
28、、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、lack、resemble、suit、 cost 等。如：Linda looks like her mother.琳达象她母亲。 This red coat suits her.这件红上衣合她的身。Jack always lacks confidence.杰克总是缺乏信心。 表示归属的动词，如 have、own、belong to 等。 The book belongs to me.这本书是我的。表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate 等。I hope to
29、 have a holiday in Australia.我希望去澳大利亚度假。2.主动形式表被动意义(1)感官动词 feel、look、smell、taste、sound 后接形容词。6That book smells old.那本书有一股霉味。 The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。(2)用某些不及物动词表示被动意义，如 cut,lock,open,pick,read,sell,shut,tear,wash,wear, write 等等。这类动词既能作及物动词，也能作不及物动词。作不及物动词时后跟副词时，形式上虽为主动，却表示被动意义。例如： Meat cuts easil
30、y.肉容易切。 His novel sells well.他的小说畅销。 This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。（3）want, require, need 后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。动名词(doing)相当于动词不定式的被动式(to be done)，在意思上没有多大差别。例如： The garden needs watering.= The garden needs to be watered. 花园需要浇水。 （4）be worth doing 用主动形式表示被动含义。值得注意的是，在 be worth doing 句型中，只能用动名词的主动
31、式，而在 be worthy to be done 中，才能用动词不定式的被动式，两者不可混淆。The food is not worth eating.= The food is not worthy of being eaten. = The food is not worthy to be eaten.（5）用不定式的主动结构表示被动意义 “be + 形容词 + to do”中,不定式用在形容词 easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, nice, dangerous, comfortable, exciting, funny, ligh
32、t, heavy, important, good, interesting 等后作状语.例如: The question is difficult to answer.这个问题难以回答。不定式 to let(出租 ), to blame(责备)等作表语.例如: The house is to let. Who is to blame for it? （6）介词 in, on, under 等+ 名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。“under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：und
33、er control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中） 。例 The building is under construction( is being constructed).“beyond+名词”结构， “出乎 胜过、范围、限度” 。常见的有：beyond belief ( 令人难以置信)， beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及） ，beyond ones control（无法控制）例 The rumour is beyo
34、nd belief（=cant be believed） 3.被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。be seated 坐着He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。be hidden 躲藏He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。be lost 迷路be drunk 喝醉be dressed 穿着7The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.二. 典例分析 例 1（08 浙江） I do
35、nt believe youve already finished reading the bookI _ it to you this morning!A. would lend B. was lendingC. had lent D. lent答案D解读由 this morning 可知，“借书是过去的动作”。例 2（08 辽宁） Have you got any job offers?No. I _. A. waited B. had been waiting C. have waited D. am waiting答案D解读指现阶段的动作。例 3（08 福建） So far this
36、year we _ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.A. saw B. see C. had seen D. have seen答案D解读 so far 常 同 完 成 时 连 用 。 this year 决 定 了 句 子 应 用 现 在 完 成 时 。例 4（08 天津） He _ football regularly for many years when he was young.A. was playing B. played C. has played D. had played答案B解读用延续动词的过去时，表示
37、“过去一段时间的动作”。例 5（08 重庆） Judy is going to marry the sailor she _ in Rome last year.A. meets B. met C. has met D. would meet答案B解读 last year决定了句子用一般过去时。过关训练 第 27 讲 动词的时态和语态1.(08全国 ) Have you known Dr Jackson for a long time?Yes, since she _ the Chinese Society.A. has joined B. joins C. had joined D. joi
38、ned82. （ 08 全国） The wet weather will continue tomorrow, when a cold front _ to arrive.A. is expected B. is expecting C. expects D. will be expected3（08 全国 II） If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it _ all day.A. rained B. rains C. has rained D. is raining4（08 全国 II） If the
39、ir marketing plans succeed, they _ their sales by 20 percent. A. will increase B. have been increasingC. have increased D. would be increasing5（08 北京） Have you read book called Waiting for Anya?Who _ it?A. writes B. has written C. wrote D. had written6（08 北京） The hotel wasnt particularly good. But I
40、 _ in many worse hotels.A .was staying B, stayed C. would stay D. had stayed7 （ 08 北 京 ） No decision about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed.A. will be made B. is made C. is being made D. has been made8（08上海） In recent years many football clubs _as business to mak
41、e a profit.A. have run B. have been run C had been run D. will run9（08 重庆） He _ as a national hero for winning the first gold medal for his country in the Olympics.A. regarded B. was regarded C. has regardedD. had been regarded10（08 重庆） Teenagers _ their health because they play computer games too m
42、uch.A. have damaged B. are damagingC. damagedD. will damage11（08 江苏） Im sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final. I think so. He _ for it for months. A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing12（08 浙江） Whats that noise?Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new mach
43、ine _. A. was tested B. will be tested C. is being tested D. has been tested913 （08 湖南） I called Hnnah many times yesterday evening, but I couldnt get through. Her brother _ on the phone all the time!A. was talking B. has been talking C. has talked D. talked 14 （08 湖南） Do you have any problems if yo
44、u _ this job?Well, Im thinking about the salary.A. offer B. will offer C. are offered D. will be offered15（08 山东） By the time he realizes he _into a trap, itll be too late for him to do anything about it.A. walks B. walked C. has walked D. had walked16（08 安徽） Did you watch the basketball match yeste
45、rday?Yes, I did. You know, my brother _ in the match.A. is playing B. was playing C. has played D. had played17（08 安徽） I like these English songs and they _many times on the radio.A. taught B. have taught C. are taught D. have been taught18（08 江西） Do you think we should accept that offer?Yes, we sho
46、uld, for we _such bad luck up till now, and time _ out.A. have had; is running B. had; is running C. have; has been run D. have had; has been run19（08 四川） The telephone _, but by the time I got indoors, it stopped.A. had rung B. was ringing C. rings D. has rung20（08 陕西） The moment I got home, I foun
47、d I _ my jacket on the playground.A. had left B. left C. have left D. was leaving21（08 陕西） Though we dont know what was discussed, yet we can feel the topic_.A. had changed B. will change C. was changedD. has been changed22（08 辽宁） We first met on a train in 2000. We both felt immediately that we _ e
48、ach other for years. A. knew B. have known C. had known D. know23. 07 全国 IThe flowers were so lovely that they _ in no time. A. sold B. had been sold C. were sold D. would sell24. 07 全国 I I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I _ there several years ago. A. are going B. had been C. went D. have been25. 07 全国 IIIs there anyt
