1、初三英语总复习(5N10)句子成分前言:句 子 成 分 虽 然 在 书 中 并 具 体 提 及 , 但 却 始 终 贯 穿 其 中 。 知 道 句 子 成分 有 助 于 更 好 的 断 句 , 从 而 提 高 听 力 、 阅 读 、 作 文 等 各 方 面 能 力 。构 成 句 子 的 各 个 部 分 叫 做 句 子 成 分 。 句 子 成 分 有 主 要 成 分 和 次 要 成 分 ;主 要 成 分 有 主 语 和 谓 语 ; 次 要 成 分 有 表 语 、 宾 语 、 定 语 、 状 语 、 补 足 语和 同 位 语 。主 、 谓 、 宾 、 表 、 定 、 状 、 补 、 同 位 不 同
2、 句 子 成 分1、 主 语 ( 事 或 物 ) : 句 子 ( 动 作 实 施 ) 的 主 体 , 一 般 位 于 句 首1.不同形式的主语例:During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.(名词)We often speak English in class.(代词)One-third of the students in this class are girls.(数词)To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)Smoking does
3、harm to the health.(动名词)The rich should help the poor.(名词化的形容词)When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.(句子,即主语从句)2.补充:It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it 作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)2、 谓 语 ( 动 作 ) : ( 主 语 ) 所 做 的 动 作例:He practices running every morning.You may keep the boo
4、k for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. We are students.注意点:(1)一句句子一般一定有一个谓语(个别情况可能省略);但不能同时出现两个谓语,而没有 and、ing 形式、to 不定式等词连接。反例:We play football eat dinner after class. 正例:We play football and eat dinner after class. (2)必须由动词充当,但动词不定式、动名词、分词为非谓语动词不能作谓语。反例:I swimming every week. 正例:I like swimming
5、 every week. (3)可作谓语的动词一般分为为行为动词(表动作) 和连系动词 (表状态),行为动词根据其后是否可直接接宾语,又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。a.及物动词作谓语We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。They respect one another. 他们互相尊重( 对方)。All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗 ?b.不及物动词作谓语He left here yesterday. 他昨天离开这儿
6、。Youre driving too fast. 你开车开得太快了。The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走进教室,手里拿着书。He went abroad in the September of 1988. 他于 1988 年 9 月出国。c.连系动词表状态He is an excellent teacher. 他是位优秀的教师。Her son is a friend of ours. 她的儿子是我们的朋友。Ours is a great country. 我们的国家是一个伟大的国家。The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身
7、并不重。3、 宾 语 ( 事 或 物 ) : 宾 语 表 示 动 作 的 对 象 或 承 爱 者 , 一 般 位 于 及 物动 词 和 介 词 后 面 。1.不同形式的宾语:例:They went to see an exhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.(代词)How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.(数词)They helped the old with their housework yesterday
8、.(名词化形容词)He pretended not to see me.(不定式短语)I enjoy listening to popular music.(动名词短语)I think(that )he is fit for his office.(句子,即宾语从句)2.补充:双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)例:Lend me your dictionary, please. (lend your dictionary to me)Give me the book, please. (give the book to me)Ill show you my classroom. (show my c
9、lassroom to you)四 、 表 语 : 表 语 用 以 说 明 主 语 的 身 份 、 特 征 和 状 态 , 它 一 般 位 于 系动 词 ( 如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等 ) 之 后 。1.不同形式的表语:例:Is it yours?(代词)The weather has turned cold.(形容词)The speech is exciting.(分词)Three times seven is twenty one?(数词)His job is to teach English.(不定式)His hobby(爱好)
10、is playing football.(动名词)The machine must be out of order.(介词短语)Time is up. The class is over.(副词)The truth is that he has never been abroad.(从句,即表语从句)五 、 定 语 ( 白 字 旁 “的 ”) : 修 饰 一 样 东 西 , 一 般 于 这 样 东 西 的 前 后1.不同形式的定语例:Guilin is a beautiful city.(形容词)China is a developing country; America is a devel
11、oped country.(分词) There are thirty women teachers is our school.(名词)His rapid progress in English made us surprised.(代词)(下面几个了解一下)Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短语)The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.(动名词)He is reading an article about how to learn English
12、.(介词短语)2.补充:后置定语的几种情况(1)定语为一个词组或一个句子时;例:Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.He has the ability to do the work.He is a man that is kind to the people around him.(2)当定语修饰不定代词时例:There is something important in todays newspaper.Can you tell me something about the social system there?(
13、3)(现在及过去)分词作定语表示动作,而非状态、特点、性质时例:The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. 表计划的性质Their high standard showed the progress made. 表完成的动作(4)某些一般只用作表语的形容词做定语时例:He was the only person awake at the moment.He is one of the few workers alive today who took part in the strike.Are there any tickets a
14、vailable?(5)else 做定语时例:Who else wanted to go there?六 、 状 语 ( 提 土 旁 “地 ”) : 修 饰 动 词 、 形 容 词 、 副 词 或 整 个 句 子 , 可以 于 句 首 句 末 , 动 词 前 后 , 位 置 较 为 灵 活1.不同形式的状语Light travels most quickly.(副词及副词性词组)He has lived in the city for ten years.(介词短语)He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examina
15、tion.(不定式短语)He is in the room making a model plane.(分词短语,了解一下)Once you begin, you must continue.(状语从句)2.状语的种类:How about meeting again at six?(时间状语)Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.(原因状语)I shall go there if it doesnt rain.(条件状语)Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.(地点状语)Sh
16、e put the eggs into the basket by hands.(方式状语)She came in with a dictionary in her hand.(伴随状语)In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.(目的状语)He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(结果状语)She works very hard though she is old.(让步状语)I am taller than he is.(比较状语)3.补充(更多例子):(1) 时
17、间状语I often get up at 5:30 in the morning. 我常常在早上 5:30 起床。Hearing the news, they felt very excited. 听到这个消息,他们感到很兴奋。(了解)Go along this street until you reach the end. 沿着这条街走直到到达尽头为止。(2) 地点状语Pandas only live in China. 熊猫仅生活在中国。You should put the book where it was. 你应该把这本书放回原来的地方。(3) 程度状语I have quite a l
18、ot of work to do. 我有相当多的工作要做。(4) 目的状语Well go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday. 这个星期天我们将去沙滩野炊。He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper. 他从口袋里掏出一些零钱来买报纸。She got up early so that she could catch the first bus. 她早早地起床,以便能够赶上这辆早班车。(5) 方式状语We usually go to school on foot. 我们通常步行去上学。Plea
19、se do it as I told you. 请按我告诉你的去做。(6) 让步状语Though she has a lot of money, she is unhappy. 虽然她很有钱,而她并不幸福。No matter what happens, I will never lose heart. 无论发生什么,我将决不失去信心。(7) 条件状语If you dont work hard, youll fall behind the others. 假如你不努力学习,你将落后于别人。Given more attention, the flowers would have grown bet
20、ter. 如果给予更多的关心的话,这些花将长得更好。(8) 比较状语Your watch is not the same as mine. 你的手表与我的不一样。Mike is not as (so) tall as Jack. 迈克不及杰克高。(9) 原因状语We didnt go to the park because of the bad weather. 由于天气不好,我们没有去公园。Being ill, he didnt go to school. 由于病了,他没有去上学。(10) 结果状语The wind was so strong that we could hardly mov
21、e forward. 风是如此地猛烈,以致于我们寸步难行。He left early, so that he caught the train. 他早早地离去,( 结果) 因此赶上了火车。(11) 伴随状语(了解)The doctor hurried off, with a medicine box under his arm. 这位医生匆匆离去,胳膊下夹着一个药箱子。The teacher came into the classroom, followed by a group of his students. 老师进到教室里来,后面跟着一群学生。七、宾语补足语(了解):1.释义:英语中有些
22、及物动词,后加一个宾语,再加有一个宾语补语(如 make the city safe)。宾补的作用在于补充说明宾语的状态,与宾语有主谓关系,即后面本身就是动词其他形式或可加个动词变为句子。2.与双宾区分:双宾中第一个宾后往往是一样东西,即名词;宾补中第一个宾语后往往为其他类词,存在主谓关系例:They painted their boat white.(形容词)Let the fresh air in.(副词)You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.(不定式短语)We saw her entering the room.(现在分词)We fo
23、und everything in the lab in good order.(介词短语)3.常用宾补结构的词组(1)使某人(物)做某事使意动词make sb doask sb to dowant sb to dohave sb do(2)感受到某人(物)做某事感观动词see sb doing/dohear sb doing/dofeel sb doingcatch sb doing八、同位语(了解)1.释义:即与其他名词性成分(通常主、宾、表)处同一(并列)位置,对该名词性成分起补充、说明、限定作用的部分例:Yesterday I met Tom,a friend of my brothe
24、rs.(宾语的同位语)Mr. Smith,our new teacher,is very kind to us.(主语的同位语)This is Mike,my new classmate.(表语的同位语) 词性与句子成分对应表词性 可充当成分名词 n. 主、宾表、定、同位代词 pron 主、宾表、定、同位动词 v. 谓形容词 adj. 表、定补单词副词 adv. 状表、补非谓语 主、宾、表、定、补(非谓语变化较多,此处只列出常作成分)动名词 主、宾表词组介词词组 状定、表、补 句子结构简单句的五个基本句型 1.主语 不及物动词 She came/ My head aches. 2.主语 及物动
25、词 宾语 She likes English. 3.主语 系动词 表语 She is happy( There be 句型也属于倒装的主系表结构, There is a book on the desk. ) 4.主语 (双宾)动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a book She bought a book for me.5.主语 (宾补)动词 宾语 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry The teacher asked me to read the passage. 句理总结句 子 成 分 有 主 要 成 分 和 次 要 成 分 。1、主要成
26、分:1.释义:即句子主干,删去就不成为一句句子的部分。2.包括成分:主语和谓语。最简单的句形即为“主语 + 谓语”,少部分情况中,单独出现一个名词或动词即为一句句子,多是省略的情况。例:She came (You) Stop!Do you go to school at weekends?No, I dont (go to school at weekends).3.谓语是一串词组成为句子的标志:正例::the lamp on the desk词组 反例:The lamp is on the desk.句子2、次要成分:1.释义:即句子中可删去但句子仍成立的部分。2.包括成分:表语、宾语、定语
27、、状语、补足语和同位语。 练习一、句子1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. They went hunting early in the morning.5. His job is to train swimmers.6. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.7. Tom came to ask me for advice.8. He found it important to master English.9. He sat there, reading a newspaper.10. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.11. He noticed a man enter the room.12. The apples tasted sweet.二 、 短 文 ( 抽 练 习 或 中 的 短 文 分 析 )