1、1大学英语四级辅导资料：长篇阅读（配对）题型概览：阅读部分 Section B 为长篇阅读，有 10题，篇章后附有 10 个句子，每句一题。每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。有的段落可能对应两题，有的段落可能不对应任何一题。试题特点：1、这类题型的出题形式为：题干给出原文的若干条细节信息，要求考生找出文中分别有这些信息的段落( 即题目当中会问道：which paragraph contains the following information?)。2、题干中的细节信息往往反映文章的主旨和段落主题。通过快速地阅读题干中的若干细节信息，考生可以迅速了解原文
2、的主旨大意。3、题干提供的细节信息中往往暗含一些说明文或议论文所必需的逻辑关系，考生可以利用这种关系预先对一些表达进行排序，这对于解答信息匹配题有着非常重要的意义。4、题干提供的信息表达中通常包括如下三类：能够指示开头段的词，如 overview, introduction, initiation, main idea, definition 等; 能够指示结2尾段的词，如 future, solution, conclusion, suggestion, summary 等; 能够帮助考生回原文定位的特殊词，如 rate, ration, proportion, percentage, nu
3、mber, figure, statistical demographics 等。5、有些试题题干中的细节信息往往会和原文的其他某一题目联系密切，考生可通过先解答原文的其他题目来获得解答题目的线索和提示性信息。难点分析：1、顺序原则被打破：段落细节信息配对题不会遵守其他主流题型的“顺序原则 ”，考生从文章开头到结尾定位的方法显然行不通;2、题目均为长句形式：题目当中的表述通常是极其复杂和繁琐的名词短语或者长难句型，在试图寻找合适的定位词之前，考生往往就已被题干错中复杂的表述搞得云里雾里了;例如：The number of foreign students applying to U.S. un
4、iversities decreased sharply after September 11 due to changes in the visa process.3、定位词模糊：即使考生能够排除万难，读懂题目陈述中晦涩难懂的意思，寻找定位词仍然存3在很大的障碍，因为这类题目往往不会出现非常明显的定位词(数字、时间、地点、人物、特殊字体和特殊符号等等)，即使侥幸被我们碰到一个，这个定位词也通常和文章主题联系密切，且出现多次，所以并没有太大实用意义，例如上题中的 U.S.;4、两题对一段的可能性增加干扰性：一般选择题至少是一对一进行对应的，如果能够成功选出一对，那么就至少可以排除一个选项。但是
5、在段落细节信息对应题当中，试卷要求明确提醒：You may choose a paragraph more than once.一段可能被用两次。这样最有效的排除法在这里也就再无用武之地了。做题步骤1、看大标题(主要是了解文章大意) 2、选定位词 3、读文解题 4、查漏补缺做题技巧1、先题后文：快速阅读题干部分表述，迅速了解文章主旨大意段落细节信息配对题的陈述虽然都是文章细节信息，但是表述基本都是围绕文章标题或者每一段落的主题进行描述的，通过快速阅读题干部分表4述，可以迅速了解文章主旨大意。 American universities prepare their undergraduates
6、for global careers by giving them chances for international study or internship. Since the mid-1970s, the enrollment of overseas students has increased at an annual rate of 3.9 percent. The enrollment of international students will have a positive impact on America rather than threaten its competiti
7、veness.熟悉四级场景词汇的同学一定认识：university, enrollment, students 名词形式，文章关于美国大学教育或学生的主题就此迅速清楚;2、关键词定位每一道题都是原文信息的再现或转述，只要找准关键词才能准确定位到原文的段落中。关键词多为：a. 名词或名词短语，这类词是题目和文章谈论的对象，同义替换的可能性较小，是比较可靠的定位关键词; b. 数字，如数量、年份等，这类词同义替换的可能性非常小，是较理想的定位关键词; c. 专有名词，如人名、地名、机构名、特殊物质等，这类词几乎没有同义替换5或转述的可能性，是非常理想的定位关键词。例如：Since the mid-
8、1970s, the enrollment of overseas students has increased at an annual rate of 3.9 percent.像这道题就属于比较简单的题目。当这道题出现的时候，同学们应该关注的是划线的两个数据，而 20 世纪 70 年代中期这个数据其实它的意义绝对没有 3.9%大，因为前方是一个时间段，有可能经常出现，而后方是一个具体数值，具体数值的高频可能性不大，因为对于很多人来说他们都明白越高频的单词或短语的形式越不能成为我们的核心钩划点，3.9%一旦出现就可在全文当中寻找。Over the past three decades the
9、 number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at an annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5million in 2004. 这时我们再读 C 段出现了一个 3.9%，这样一个点一旦出现，这一道四级简单的匹配题就结束了。也可以说，特殊词汇包括：精确数据、非文章高频词的大写或专有名词、斜体或援引内容等 The number of foreign students applying to U.S. 6universities dec
10、reased sharply after September 11 due to changes in the visa process.September 11 是一个非高频专有大写，直接定位至 H 段即告定位成功。H 段: Adjusted for inflation, public funding for international exchanges and foreign-language study is well below the levels of 40 years ago. In the wake of September 113、同意替换同意替换包括单词或短语甚至句子用另
11、一种含义表达的所有形式。相对而言，四级部分更多强调词语的同意替换。 A series of books, mostly authored by Americans, warned.这句话的含义是一个系列的书籍都是由美国作者来完成的，警告说 A succession of books, mainly by Americans. Sounded the alarm 这是原文的 B 段开头，跟它几乎是一模一样。首先，可别看错，在原文中出现一个单词叫succession，它意思是一个序列的，或者是一个系列的一拨儿的，千万不要看成了成功，整句翻译为一个序列的书主要是由美国人来做。大家仔细7看一下 mai
12、nly 换成了 mostly，而 warned，警告，被换成了 sounded the alarm，“ 拉响警笛”或“ 拉响警报”。由此我们发现，同义替换对于解题是非常重要的。从这道题中给大家一个提醒：在平时一定要多做同义替换的积累，比如 more and more people 我们就认为这不是一个好的表达，我们可以把他升级为 an increasing number of people。这个版本就要比 more and more people 好一些，平时多注意同义词替换方面的积累，能帮助你的阅读，也能帮助你的写作。同意替换因为有一定难度，于是成为匹配题最佳解决方案，这是一个需要积累和锻炼
13、的能力，我们建议：第一、平时背词汇时，多多注意目标词汇的同意词和近义词，以及短语。特别关注其英文解释，这会逐渐给大家省很多力气; 第二、每次做完题目后，都积累阅读和听力科目中全部同意替换的方式，今后考试中被重复考到几率是很高的。4、快读技巧速读每一段，关注段首段尾句和段内重点单词区域(例如逻辑关系等) ，段首尾句可迅速告知本段8主要内容，而常见重点词汇及重点区域短语则是段内重点信息的表达。因果转折类：but, however, unfortunately, since, because , the reason 让步关系： although, though递进关系： not only but
14、also, mot merely but 比较关系类：more, even more than, most选择关系：either or, or 事实罗列：for example, in fact序数词： first , second ,at last 重点区域：段尾句的转折关系But at the same time, the opening of national borders to the flow of goods, services, information and especially people has made universities a powerful force fo
15、r global integration, mutual understanding and geopolitical stability.而定位至本句后，根据长难句中关注谓语宾语结构或表语结构，重点位置再次被定位至：has made universities a powerful force，以此句去匹配剩余题目即可。54 题，发现：Present-day universities have become a powerful force for global integration. 则答9题成功。高分技巧段落信息匹配题的一般解题步骤是：读题干并确定关键词(中心词) 去原文中定位关键词分析
16、定位句分析题干确定答案1、用“打包”方法对付乱序把整组题全部一次性吃透，然后去原文从头到尾定位。否则，考生如果按照顺序逐题解答，时间会严重不足，最好是文章一遍看下来，能找到所有的信息。此外，考生应该注意定位原文的过程中，一定要脑、眼和手并用：眼是肯定要用的，不用脑会导致忽视同义转换，不用手(笔) 会使我们处于走马观花的状态，然后会怀疑自己是不是漏掉了信息而反复地看。2、 “吃透”题干准确判断关键词(中心词) 至关重要如果没吃透题干，就无法准确判断关键词或中心词，就有可能对原文的重要信息没感觉。一般来说，题干关键词或中心词为实词以及一些数字、专有名词等。3、在解题的先后顺序上，采用先易后难的策略
17、采用由易到难的解题策略，可以提升考生的解题信心。对于那些答题线索较少的题干细节信息，10考生可留在最后再解答。在解答这类较难的题目时，考生可快速阅读原文中仍未选过的段落的主题句(通常为第一句、第二句或最后一句) ，然后根据段落大意与题干中的细节信息进行匹配。4、 常见的段落信息匹配的高频考点位置涉及到首段的提示词：overview / past /introduction/ initiation/ orientation/ main idea/ view/ concept/ definition/ cause/ demonstration/ essence/ explanation+ topi
18、c涉及到尾段的提示词：future / in the future / solution /conclusion / suggest or suggestion /Summary/ prediction/ effect+topic特殊词帮助定位：含有 rate / ratio / proportion / percentage 等词的信息往往对应%较多的段落含有 number / figure / amount statistical / demographics 等词的信息往往对应数字集中的段落含有 financial / business / income / revenue / sala
19、ry / wage / commercial 等词往往对应￥$符号多的段落5、查漏补缺11先确定来源明显的句子，然后解决简单的题。对于第一遍无法确定来源的句子，注意结合每段主题、话题词、态度方向筛选 (已对应两个句子的段落，可不用再阅读)，一般有约 7 个句子来源明显。练习 1Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragrap
20、hs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Preparing for Computer DisastersA) Summary: When home office computers go down, many small businesses grind to a halt. Fortunately, taking steps to reco
21、ver from disasters and minimize their effects is quite straightforward.B) Fires, power surges, and floods, theyre all facts of life. We read about them in the morning paper and see them on the evening news. We sympathize with the victims and commiserate over their bad 12luck. We also shake our heads
22、 at the digital consequencesmelted computers, system failures, destroyed data. Yet, somehow, many of us continue to live by that old mantra of denial: “It wont happen to me.“ Well, the truth is, at some point youll probably have to deal with at least one disaster. Thats just how it goes, and in most
23、 aspects of our lives we do something about it. We buy insurance. We stow away provisions. We even make disaster plans and run drills. But for some reason, computer disaster recovery is a blind spot for many of us. It shouldnt be. Home computers contain some of our most important information, both b
24、usiness and personal, and making certain our data survives a disaster should be a priority. Moreover, even the smallest disaster can be a serious disruption. Personal computers have become an integral part of the smooth-running household. We use them to communicate, shop, and do homework, and theyre
25、 even more vital to home office users. When home office computers go down, many small businesses grind 13to a halt. Fortunately, taking steps to recover from disasters and minimize their effects is quite straightforward. With a good offsite storage plan and the right tools, you can bounce back quick
26、ly and easily from minor computer disasters. And, should a major calamity strike, you can rest assured your data is safe.Offsite Storage: Major DisastersC) House fires and floods are among the most devastating causes of personal computer destruction. Thats why a solid offsite backup and recovery pla
27、n is essential. Although many home users faithfully back up their hard drives, many would still lose all their data should their house flood our burn. Thats because they keep their backups in relatively close to their computers. Their backup disks might not be in the same room as their computerstuck
28、ed away in a closet or even the garagebut theyre not nearly far enough away should a serious disaster strike. So, its important to back up your system to a removable medium and to store it elsewhere.14D) There are many ways to approach offsite storage. It starts with choice of backup tools and stora
29、ge medium. Disaster situations are stressful, and your recovery tools shouldnt add to that stress. They must be dependable and intuitive, making it easy to schedule regular backups and to retrieve files in a pinch. They must also be compatible with your choice of backup medium. Depending on your too
30、ls, you can back up to a variety of durable disk typesfrom CDs to Jaz drives to remote network servers. Although many of these storage media have high capacity, a backup tool with compression capabilities is a big plus, eliminating the inconvenience of multiple disks or large uploads.E) Once you sel
31、ect your tools and a suitable medium, you need to find a remote place to store your backups. The options are endless. However, no matter where you choose, be sure the site is secure, easily accessible, and a good distance away from your home. You may also want to consider using an Internet-based bac
32、kup service. More and more 15service providers are offering storage space on their servers, and uploading files to a remote location has become an attractive alternative to conventional offsite storage. Of course, before using one of these services, make certain you completely trust the service prov
33、ider and its security methods. Whatever you do, schedule backups regularly and store them far away from your home.Come What May: Handling the Garden Variety Computer CrisisF) Not all home computer damage results from physical disaster. Many less menacing problems can also hobble your PC or destroy y
34、our information. Systems crash, kids “rearrange“ data, adults inadvertently delete files. Although these events might not seem calamitous, they can have serious implications. So, once again, its important to be prepared. As with physical disasters, regular backups are essential. However, some of the
35、se smaller issues require a response thats more nuanced than wholesale backup and restoration. 16To deal with less-than-total disaster, your tool set must be both powerful and agile. For example, when a small number of files are compromised, you may want to retrieve those files alone. Meanwhile, if
36、just your settings are affected, youll want a simple way to roll back to your preferred setup. Yet, should your operating system fail, youll need a way to boot your computer and perform large-scale recovery. Computer crises come in all shapes and sizes, and your backup and recovery tools must be fle
37、xible enough to meet each challenge.The Right Tools for the Right Job: Gearing up for DisasterG) When disaster strikes, the quality of your backup tools can make the difference between utter frustration and peace of mind. Symantec understands this and offers a range of top quality backup and recover
38、y solutions. Norton GoBack is the perfect tool for random system crashes, failed installations, and inadvertent deletions. With this powerful and convenient solution, its simple to 17retrieve overwritten files or to bring your system back to its pre-crash state. Norton Ghost is a time-tested home of
39、fice solution. Equipped to handle full-scale backups, its also handy for cloning hard drives and facilitating system upgrades. A favorite choice for IT professionals, its the ideal tool for the burgeoning home office. You can buy Norton Ghost and Norton GoBack separately, or get them both when you p
40、urchase Norton System Works.H) Lifes disasters, large and small, often catch us by surprise. However, with a little planning and the right tools, you can reduce those disasters to bumps in the road. So, dont wait another day. Buy a good set of disaster recovery tools, set up an automatic backup sche
41、dule, and perform a dry run every now and again. Then, rest easy.对应题目：1. You should take steps to recover from computer disasters so as to minimize their effects.2. For some reason, computer disaster recovery is always ignored by many of us.3. You can bounce back quickly and easily minor 18computer
42、disasters with the help of a good offsite storage plan and the right tools.4. The most devastating causes of personal computer destruction includes house fires and floods.5. Its necessary for us to back up our systems to some transferable medium and to put it somewhere else.6. You should find a dist
43、ant place to store your backups after selecting your tools and a suitable medium.7. Not only physical disaster can damage your computer.8. The backup and recovery tools must be flexible enough to deal with various computer crises.9. The quality of your backup tools determines whether you are frustra
44、ted or have a peaceful mind when disaster strikes.10. You should prepare for your computer disasters now and again.答案参考：1. A 根据题干中的信息词 recover from computer disasters 定位到本文的第一段。2. B 根据题干中的信息词 computer disaster 19recovery 和 many of us 定位到本文的第二段第11 句话，computer disaster recovery is a blind spot for man
45、y of us。3. B 根据题干中的信息词 offsite storage plan and the right tools 定位到本文的第二段倒数第二句话。4. C 根据题干中的信息词 most devastating causes定位到第一个小标题下第一段的第一句话可知原文提到了家庭火灾和水灾是个人电脑危机的最具毁灭性的根源。5. C 根据题干中的信息词 back up our system 及medium 定位到第一个小标题下第一段的最后一句话。6. E 根据题干中的信息词 find a remote place to store your backups 定位到第一个小标题下第三段第
46、一句话。7. F 根据题干中的信息词 physical disaster 定位到第二个小标题下的前两句话。8. F 根据题干中的信息词 backup and recovery tools及 computer crises 定位到第二个小标题下的最后一句话。9. G 根据题干中的信息词 The quality of your 20backup tools 和 frustrated 定位到第三个小标题下第一段的第一句话。10. H 根据题干中的信息词 prepare for your computer，总结文章最后一段大意即可找到答案。练习 2How to Use a LibraryA) Your
47、e driving your car home from work or sch001 And something goes wron9The engine stalls out at lights，holds back as you go to passIt needs a tune up and soonWhere do you go? The libraryYou can take out an auto repair manual that tells step by step how to tune up your make and modelOr your tennis game
48、has fallen offYouve lost your touch at the netWhere do you go? The library for a few books on improving your tennis form.B) “The library!”you say “Thats where my teacher sends me to dough homework“Unfortunately, Ive found thats exactly the way many people feelIf youre among themyoure denying yoursel
49、f the easiest way to improve yourself, 21enjoy yourself and even cope with lifeMy first suggestion for making the most of your library is to do what I did，read and read and readFor pleasureand for understandingC) If its TV that keeps you from cultivating this delicious habit，I can offer a sure remedyTake home from the library a stack of books that might look interestin9Pile them on the TV setNext time you are tempted to turn on a program you really dont want to see，reach for a book instead.D) Ov
