1、湖南涉外经济学院本科生毕业论文（设计）IIIOn Negative Pragmatic Transfer in Intercultural Communication湖南涉外经济学院本科生毕业论文（设计）IIIAbstractThe term “transfer“ is first defined by behaviorists to refer to the process of automatic，uncontrolled and subconscious use of past learned behavior in the attempt to produce new response
2、s. Pragmatic transfer is one of the important contents of interlanguage pragmatics study. According to the pragmatic knowledge transferred, pragmatic transfer can be divided into pragmalinguistic transfer and sociopragmatic transfer. According to effects arising from pragmatic transfer,it can also b
3、e devided into positive transfer and negative pragmatic transfer. And the across language and cross-cultural researches of language learning have constantly revealed the learners negative transfer from native language to target language, which impedes leaners study.On the basis of the previous resea
4、rches, this paper begins with the definition and understanding of the terms like pragmatic transfer, intercultural communication, and introduces the current situation of negative pragmatic transfer research. Then, the author analyzes the primary manifestations of negative pragmatic transfer at the l
5、evels of lexis, syntax, text, values, politeness strategies, social contact customs and thought patterns from language and social aspects. Finally, some corresponding strategies are put up, that is, to enforce the teachers and the learners understanding of negative transfer, to encourage learners to
6、 think in native ways and to compare the difference between the Chinese and Western culture. People can not only promote language acquisition and teaching, but also help to reduce misunderstandings and failures in intercultural communication by knowing the specific pragmatic transfer in real life an
7、d some relevant strategies.Key words: intercultural communication; pragmatic transfer; negative pragmatic transfer; strageties湖南涉外经济学院本科生毕业论文（设计）III摘 要“迁 移 ”最 初 由 行 为 主 义 心 理 学 家 提 出 ， 指 在 学 习 新 知 识 的 过 程 中 ， 对已 有 的 知 识 进 行 自 动 的 潜 意 识 的 利 用 过 程 。 语 言 迁 移 是 语 际 语 用 学 所 研 究 的重 要 内 容 ， 根 据 所 迁 移 的 语 用
8、 知 识 ， 语 用 迁 移 可 以 划 分 为 语 用 语 言 负 迁 移 与语 用 社 会 负 迁 移 两 类 ； 根 据 迁 移 所 产 生 的 效 用 划 分 ， 语 用 迁 移 通 常 还 可 以 分为 ： 语 用 正 迁 移 和 语 用 负 迁 移 。 言 语 学 习 的 跨 语 言 、 跨 文 化 研 究 不 断 的 揭 示出 学 生 从 母 语 到 目 标 语 的 负 迁 移 现 象 ， 对 学 习 者 起 阻 碍 作 用 。本 文 基 于 前 人 对 语 用 负 迁 移 的 优 秀 成 果 ， 首 先 阐 述 了 “语 用 迁 移 ”，“跨 文 化 交 际 ”等 概 念 的
9、定 义 ， 并 回 顾 了 语 用 迁 移 研 究 的 现 状 。 接 下 来 ， 从语 言 与 社 会 层 面 上 分 析 了 语 用 负 迁 移 在 词 汇 、 句 法 、 篇 章 、 价 值 观 、 礼 貌 策略 、 社 会 习 俗 、 思 维 方 式 上 的 具 体 体 现 。 最 后 ， 作 者 在 以 上 分 析 的 基 础 上 ，提 出 了 相 应 的 对 策 ： 鼓 励 学 生 用 目 标 语 思 维 ， 加 深 教 师 和 学 生 对 负 迁 移 的 认识 和 理 解 ， 同 时 对 比 中 西 文 化 差 异 ， 以 促 进 英 语 学 习 和 教 学 。 了 解 语 用
10、负 迁移 在 现 实 中 的 具 体 体 现 和 相 应 的 应 对 策 略 ， 不 仅 能 促 进 语 言 的 习 得 与 教 学 ，还 有 助 于 减 少 跨 文 化 交 际 中 的 误 解 与 失 败 。关键词：跨 文 化 交 际 ； 语 用 迁 移 ； 语 用 负 迁 移 ； 对 策湖南涉外经济学院本科生毕业论文（设计）IIIContentsAbstract.I摘 要 .IIIntroduction .1Chapter 1 Literature Review.31.1 Pragmatic Transfer .31.1.1 Definition of Pragmatics .31.1.2
11、 Definition of Pragmatic Transfer.41.2 Intercultural Communication .51.2.1 Definition of Intercultural Communication .51.2.2 Pragmatic Transfer and Intercultural Communication .61.3 Review of Studies on Negative Pragmatic Transfer .7Chapter 2 Manifestations of Negative Pragmatic Transfer in Intercul
12、tural Communication .102.1 Language Aspects.102.1.1 Lexical Transfer .102.1.2 Syntactic Transfer.132.1.3 Negative Transfer in Discourse and Texts.162.2 Social Aspects.182.2.1 Negative Transfer in Values .182.2.3 Negative Transfer in Social Contact Custom .192.2.4 Negative Transfer in Thought Pattern
13、s .20Chapter 3 Strategies to Reduce Negative Pragmatic Transfer .223.1 To Enforce Teachers and the Learners Understanding of Negative Transfer.223.2 To Encourage Learners to Think in Native Ways .233.3 To Make a Comparison between English and Chinese Cultures .24Conclusion.26Bibliography.27Acknowled
14、gements.28Appendix .29湖南涉外经济学院本科生毕业论文（设计）IIIIntroductionResearch BackgroundWith the rapid expansion of worldwide transportation and communication network, the world is becoming smaller and smaller, and is characterized as a “global village“. The international and domestic changes in the past few dec
15、ades have brought us into direct and indirect contact with people who, because of their cultural diversity, often behave in ways that we do not understand. It is no longer difficult to find social and professional situations in which members of once isolated groups of peoples communicate with member
16、s of other cultural groups. Now these people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other. In other words, intercultural communication prevails in the so-called global village.In recent years, the growth in foreign travel for business, study and pleasure, the expansion of intern
17、ational trade and migration of people seeking work in the multinational companies have naturally led to a concomitant increase in contacts across national boundaries. When there are significant differences in background knowledge, even the same message may be interpreted differently by different ind
18、ividuals. This may cause trouble in any situation of contact between them. Its the failure of communication. Such miscommunication is a retrospective recognition which one persons intentions have not been interpreted accurately by another participant. And most miscommunication derives from pragmatic
19、 failures in intercultural communication and attracts much attention.There are a lot of foreign scholars who studied this aspect, such as Charles Morris(1938), Levinson(1983), Thomas(1983), Kasper G(1992), Driven, R.D. & Putz, M(1993), Blum-Kulka(1993), Samovar(1994), Chen Guoming & Starasta (1998),
20、 and He Zhaoxiong (2000). In China, monographs in this area at home are many like Culture and Communication (Hu Wenzhong 1994), The Research of Pragmatic in China(Shen Jiaxuan 1996), Intercultural Communication(Fei Yuxin 1997), Pragmatics (Hu Zhuanglin 1980), Discussion on Pragmatic Transfer (Pang H
21、aolong 2000), Language Transfer and Second Language Acquisition (Yu Liming 2004), Pragmatic Transfer in Intercultural Language Communication(Zhang Bigang and Xia Hongzhong 2008), Pragmatic Transfer in Intercultural Communication(Liu Jianhuai 2009) and so on.Over all, these studies not only provide u
22、s with more insights into pragmatic transfer, but build up a fundamental basis for the future study on it. Research Subject and Significance湖南涉外经济学院本科生毕业论文（设计）IIIBased on the previous studies, this thesis mainly explores the negative pragmatic transfer from the levels of lexis, syntax, text, values,
23、 politeness strategies, social contact customs and thought patterns from language and social aspects. Then, the author puts up some strategies, i.e., to enforce the teachers and the learners understanding of negative transfer, to encourage learners to think in native ways and to compare the differen
24、ce between the Chinese and Western culture. It is hoped that the analysis of negative pragmatic transfer in this thesis will be extremely useful in effectively breaking cultural barriers and for enhancing mutual understanding between China and the Western countries.Organization of the ThesisThere ar
25、e five parts in this thesis: Introduction, Chapter One, Chapter Two, Chapter Three and Conclusion. In the introduction, the author sketches the whole thesis, which includes research background, research subject and significance and organization of the thesis. Chapter One reviews the negative pragmat
26、ic transfer study abroad and home, along with the definition of pragmatic transfer and intercultural communication. Chapter Two analyzes the major manifestations of negative pragmatic from language and social aspects. Chapter Three puts up some corresponding strategies to lessen negative transfer in
27、 the process of language learning and teaching. In the Conclusion, the author sums up her study and points out the limitations in the study.湖南涉外经济学院本科生毕业论文（设计）IIIChapter 1 Literature ReviewIn this chapter, a brief statement of pragmatics, intercultural communication and negative transfer will be mad
28、e. This hopefully provides theoretical background for analyzing pragmatic transfer in chapter two. 1.1 Pragmatic TransferTo understand pragmatic transfer, it is necessary to understand pragmatics and negative transfer.1.1.1 Definition of PragmaticsAs any other subjects, pragmatics should have its ow
29、n definition. When the philosopher Charles Morris(1938: 6) first used the term pragmatics, it is just one of the three branches of semiotics(with the two other sister terms of syntacyics/syntax and semantics), being the study of “the relation of signs to interpreters“ and “it deals with the biotic a
30、spects of semiosis,that is, with all the psycholigical, biological, and sociological phenomena which occur in functioning of signs“(1938: 108).Of course this covers a much wider scope than the current linguistic pragmatics.For the present notion of pragmatics, its a no easy task to provide a satisfs
31、ctory definition. According to Levinson(1983:6-27), “it is not easy to give a final definition to pragmatics“. He listed about ten possible definitions and gave his own comments. Here just several of them were chosen to have a general idea of what is pragmatics:Definition 1: “Pragmatics is the study
32、 of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of a language.“Definition 2: “Pragmatics is the study of all those aspects of meaning not captured in a sementic theory.“Definition 3: “Pragmatics is the study of the relations between language and
33、 context that are basic to an account of language understanding.“Definition 4: “Pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to pair sentences with the context in which they would be appropriate.“Definition 5: “Pragmatics is the study of deixis (at least in part), implicature, 湖南涉外经济学院本科
34、生毕业论文（设计）IIIpresupposition, speech acts, and aspects of discourse structure.“Though Levinson listed a series of possiblle definitions, he thought there was not a definition which was very satisfactory among them.Mey gave his definition of pragmatics as “Pragmatics studies the use of language in huma
35、n communication as determined by the conditions of society“ (1993:5). And Thomas presented a view of pragmatics as “meaning in interaction“ (1995:22).From these definitions, it can be easily seen that from different starting points, different definitions from different emphases can be given, which w
36、ill lead to definitions with limitations and one-sidedness. But that does not mean it cannot give a definition to pragmatics. Actually, people can have the definition in all kinds of pragmatic works made by its writer from their own emphases. However, “it is meaningless to compare the superior and i
37、nferior among these definitions, the differences are only the emphases and words. The various definitions can deepen the understanding of pragmatics.“(He Zhaoxiong 2000:9)1.1.2 Definition of Pragmatic TransferPragmatic transfer is a domain of Interlanguage pragmatics(ILP). But trying a comprehensive
38、 and sound definition of pragmatic transfer is problematic since both components of phrase are, in themselves, problematic as they have been used with different meanings or with similar meaning but under different labels.According to Kasper, “Pragmatic transfer in interlanguage pragmatics shall refe
39、r to the influence exerted by learners pragmatic knowledge of languages and cultures other than L2 on their comprehension, production and learning of L2 pragmatic information.“ (1992:207).Faerch & Kasper defined pragmatic knowledge as “a particular component of language users general communicative k
40、nowledge, that is, knowledge of how verbal acts are understood and performed in accordance with a speakers intention under contexual and discoursal constraints“(1984:214). Stemming from the inseparable relation between language and culture, Kasper(1992) identified two types of pragmatic transfer: pr
41、agmalinguistic transfer and sociopragmatic transfer(1992:208). Both pramalinguistic transfer and sociopragmatic are terms derived from Leechs treatment towards the scope of pragmatic and which Thomas(1983) picked up in classifying the types of pragmatic failure. Pragmalinguistic, in Leechs definitio
42、n, refers to our linguistic knowledge of language use, and sociopragmatics is related with how our sociological knowledge influences 湖南涉外经济学院本科生毕业论文（设计）IIIour interaction(1983:10). Inspired by Leechs dichotomy, Kasper saw it fit to introduce both terms to categorize the learnerspragmatic transfer, f
43、or she remarked that “Leech(1983) distinction between pragmalinguistics and sociopragmatics, applied by Thomas(1983) to indentify two major types of pragmatic transfer, is equally suitable to broadly separate two main loci of pragmatic transfer“ (1992:2008).To Kasper(1992), a pragmalinguistic transfer is the influence of the learners knowledge about the illocutionary force or politeness value assigned to particular linguistic form functions in NL which, when mapped by learners into the perception and production of a similar situation in TL sounds different to
