1、 List 11The converse observation, of the absence of grazers in areas of high phytoplankton concentration, let Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion, which(主语从句) hypothesized that（宾语从句） phytoplankton produced a repellent that（主语从句） excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton conc
2、entration.译：通过一个相对的观察，在 phytoplankton高度集中的地方发现 grazer很稀少，使得 HARDY提出他的动物动物排斥理论，该理论假设 phytoplankton产生一种物质，把 grazers排斥出 phytoplankton集中的地方。 2. His thesis works relatively well when (it is)applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as “(it is)ra
3、cially based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.译：他的论文比较好地适用在在美国对黑人的歧视上，但是他对种族歧视的定义：。可能被解释
4、作也包含了对像 C里的华人和中世纪欧洲的犹太人这样的种族的敌意。3. The emphasis given by both scholars and statemen to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteent
5、h century.4. But there is genuine imaginative recreation in her accounts of the walk in Green Heys fields, of tea at the Bartons house, and of John Barton and his friends discovery of the starving family in the cellar in the chapter “Poverty and Death”.5.Perhaps the fact many of these first studies
6、considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net(net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know (that) grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role grazers in subsequent research.译：大概事实上这些研究中只考虑了一种能被放在
7、 NET中的 ALGAE，一次试验发现了更小的 phytoplankton据我们所知，grazers 最可能以这些phytoplankton为食，这次试验减少了在以后研究中 ROLE GRAZERS的重要性。6. Yet Waltzers argument, however deficient, does point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capitalism-namely, that it brings to predominant positions in a society people who, no matter how l
8、egitimately they have earned their material rewards, often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.译:Waltzer 的 argument，尽管不给力，但却是指明了 capitalism-namely 最严重的问题之一，即它带来了社会上的有利地位，人们不管他们获得这些物质时是否合法，这些人缺乏其他一些让人喜欢和欣赏的品质。7. A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might giv
9、e away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower.译：一种试图给现实带来光明却从未实现的欲望可能突然泄露给另一种愿望，在这种愿望中，我们会认为一个 novelist-scientist 会把一种花的结构和组织记录得精确且具体。老的冲动是一种简单的、说明现实的欲望，新冲动是一种即是小说家又像科学家的仔细研究一个东西的特点那样的欲望
10、（新冲动） ，前一种欲望是永远也不能取代后者的。意群训练：（This is）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .8. Virginia Woolfs provocative stateme
11、nt about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic“ novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intrica
12、te pathways of individual consciousness.译：Virginia woolf 的带有挑衅意味的关于她写 MRS 的意图声明依然被评论家们无视了，因为它使弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf）在创作黛洛维夫人 （Mrs. Dalloway）时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略，因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面，而这一方面则与人们对“诗性” 小说家（ poetic novelist）所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家，所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦幻的诸般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径9. A
13、s she put it in The Common Reader, “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.”译：如她在 The Common Reader 中所说的：“可以肯定地说，一种单独的法律无法构成框架，或者说一个石头需要放置在另一个上，因
14、为 Chaucer 说的；然而，就像我们读他的思想，我们在每个小地方都在接受道德知识。 ”就像她在致普通读者一书中所表达的那样， “尽管可以毫无疑问的说，没有任何法律被指定出来，也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乔叟说了什么或者写了什么；然而，当我们读它的书的时候，我们身上每一个毛孔都充满了道德” 。10. With the conclusion of a burst activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until th
15、e acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis.译：随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会（部分）传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原。11. Although Gutman admits that forced s
16、eparation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy.译：尽管 Gutman 承认由于交易而被迫分离的事经常发生，他展示说奴隶们更希望有稳定的婚姻，这在这些买卖不经常发生的农场上可以清晰地被发现。虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来
17、在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制（monogamy） 。12. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fash
18、ioning out of their African and American experiences.译：Gutman 坚定地认为，黑人家庭的稳定促进黑人特属的传说，音乐，种族文化的传承，古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去，因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用，而对于这种文化遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。 13. It is one of natures great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil freque
19、ntly sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.译：这是大自然最大的讽刺，无色无味气体在土地上的频繁利用使植物生长限制变得更高，尽管植物的叶子一直处在无色无味气体的海洋里。Comment S1: 表目的下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个莫大讽刺：土壤中所能获得的氮肥量往往对植物的生长构成了一个上限，虽然植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。14Most striking among the many asymmetries evident
20、 in an adult flatfish is eye placement： before maturity one eye migrates，so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.译：在成年 flatfish身上众多明显的不对称特征中最引人注目的是：在成熟前一只眼睛开始转移，于是在成年 flatfish的两只眼睛在头的同一侧。在一条成年比目鱼身上显著存在的诸多不对称（asymmetry）特征中，最为吸人注目的是眼睛的摆位：在成年之前，一只眼睛发生移动，因此在成年比目鱼身上，两只眼睛均位
21、于头部的同一侧面。 15. They are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles，whose lifetimes are not constrained in the same way，and which can be detected.译：他们被称作虚拟粒子以区别真正的粒子，真正的粒子被证明是存在的，且寿命长短不一。它们被称为“虚粒子 ”（virtual particle） ，以便与实粒子（real particle）区分开来，而实粒子则不会以这种方式受到制约，并且其存在可得以测定
22、。16. The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential译：社区用来维持自己运作的方法已经变成争取各种文化资助，这种资助对社区稳定至关重要。一个社会所创造出来藉以使其自身生生不息、恒久不衰的方法得以形成产生，以保存在这个社会看来具有本质意义的文化遗产的各个方面。17.Friedrich Engels, however, pre
23、dicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”.译：然而，FE 预测女性随着科技的进步将从家庭中的“社会，法律，经济的轻视”中解放出来，科技的进步使“全女性进入公共产业”的新理念成为可能。FE，却预测妇女们将被从家庭
24、的“ 社会、法律和经济压迫”中解放出来，只是通过使得征召“整个女性阶层进入公共的工业中去”成为可能的技术进步的方式做到的。18. The appreciation of traditional oral American Indian literature has been limited，hampered by poor translations and by the difficulty，even in the rare culturally sensitive and aesthetically satisfying translation，of completely conveying
25、 the originals verse structure，tone，and syntax.译：对传统口语化美国印第安文学的欣赏被差劲的翻译和完全承载原始固定的结构，发音和语法的难度，甚至仅仅是文化敏感性和复合审美的翻译给限制住了。对美国印第安人传统口头文学的欣赏，一直被质量低劣的翻译所限制和妨碍，并且即使是那种不可多得的既体现着文化敏感性，又在美学上令人满意的译作，也难以完全传递出原作的诗体结构、语调和句法。19.Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved， the doctr
26、ine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency“ throughout the nervous system.译：尽管神经能量的质量多样化从来没被严格地证明过，这种学说一般会被弃用以支持反方观点，即，神经冲动质量近似，被视为常见媒介在神经系统中传递。尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同，这一点从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过，但是以上教条通常被抛弃掉，而转向相反的观点，即：神经冲动从根本上本质相同，而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统中传播。
