1、 1高中英语构词法讲解与练习一.类别英语构词法主要有：合成法，转化法，派生法，混成法，截短法和词首字母缩略法。二.定义与精讲1.转化法英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。1) 动词转化为名词很多动词可以转化为名词，大多数情况下，意思没有多大的变化，如：Lets go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。有时意思有一定变化，如：He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语，表示一个动作，如：Lets have a swim.咱们游泳吧。2)名
2、词转化为动词很多表示物件，如Did you book a seat on the plane? 你订好飞机座位了吗?身体部位，如：Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。某类人的名词可以用作动词来表示动作，如：She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。某些抽象名词也可作动词。如：We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。3)形容词转化为动词有少数形容词可以转化为动词。如：We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善
3、我们的生活状况。4)副词转化为动词有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如：Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。5)形容词转化为名词表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词，如：2You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服某些形容词如 old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured 等与 the 连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数如下，如：The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。2.派生法在词根前面加前
4、缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。1)前缀除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有 dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如：appear 出现disappear 消失correct 正确的incorrect 不正确的lead 带领mislead 领错stop 停下non-stop 不停(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有 a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), a
5、uto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- ( 再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- ( 强调距离)等。例如：alone 单独的 antigas 防毒气的autochart 自动图表cooperate 合作 enjoy 使高兴internet 互联网 reuse 再用subway 地铁 telephone 电话2)后缀英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -o
6、r (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ful (一) ，-ian (精通的人)，-ist (专业人员) ，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。例如：differ 不同于difference 区别write 写 writer 作家Japan 日本 Japanese 日本人3act 表演actress 女演员mouth 口mouthful 一口music 音乐musician 音乐家(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使化) ，-ize (使成为)。例如：widewiden 加宽beau
7、tybeautify 美化purepurify 提纯realrealize 意识到organ organize 组织(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的) ，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的) ，-ese( 某国人的) ，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive ，-less (表示否定) ，-like (像的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。例如：nature 自然natural 自然的reason 道理reasonable 有道理的America 美国 American 美国的China 中国C
8、hinese 中国人的gold 金子golden 金的east 东 eastern 东方的child 孩子 childish 孩子气的snow 雪snowy 雪的(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如：angry 生气的 angrily 生气地to 到towards 朝，向east 东方 eastward 向东(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十) ，-th (构成序数词 )。例如：six 六sixteen 十六sixteenth 第十六four 四forty 四十fortiet
9、h 第四十3.合成法（1 ）合 成 名 词4构成方式 例词名词名词 weekend 周末名词动词 daybreak 黎明名词动名词 handwriting 书法名词及物动词er or pain-killer 止痛药名词介词名词 editor-in-chief 总编辑动词名词 typewriter 打字机动名词名词 reading-room 阅览室现在分词名词 flying-fish 飞鱼形容词名词 gentleman 绅士副词动词 outbreak 爆发介词名词 afternoon 下午代词名词 she-wolf 母狼（2）合 成 形 容 词构成方式 例词名词形容词 snow-white 雪白
10、的名词现在分词 English-speaking 讲英语的名词 to名词 face-to-face 面对面的名词过去分词 man-made 人造的数词名词 one-way 单行的数词名词形容词 two-year-old 两岁的数词名词ed five-storeyed 五层的动词副词 see-through 透明的形容词名词 high-class 高级的形容词名词ed noble-minded 高尚的形容词形容词 light-blue 浅蓝色的形容词现在分词 good-looking 相貌好看的副词形容词 ever-green 常青的副词现在分词 hard-working 勤劳的副词过去分词 w
11、ell-known 著名的副词名词 fast-food 专门提供快餐服务的介词名词 downhill 下坡的（3）合 成 动 词构成方式 例词名词动词 sleep-walk 梦游形容词动词 white-wash 粉刷副词动词 overthrow 推翻（4）合 成 副 词构成方式 例词5形容词名词 hotfoot 匆忙地形容词副词 everywhere 到处副词副词 however 尽管如此介词名词 beforehand 事先介词副词 forever 永远（5）合 成 代 词构成方式 例词代词宾格 self herself 她自己物主代词 self myself 我自己形容词名词 anythin
12、g 任何东西（6）合 成 介 词构成方式 例词副词名词 inside 在里面介词副词 within 在之内副词介词 into 进入4.截短法(缩略法)截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。1)截头telephonephone aeroplaneplaneomnibusbus 2)去尾mathematicsmaths co-operateco-opexaminationexam kilogramkilolaboratorylab taxicabtaxi3)截头去尾influenzaflurefrigeratorfridge6prescriptionscrip
13、t5.混合法(混成法)混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。news broadcastnewscast 新闻广播television broadcasttelecast 电视播送smoke and fogsmog 烟雾helicopter airportheliport 直升飞机场6.首尾字母缩略法首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。very important personVIP (读字母音) 要人；大人物televisionTV (读字母音) 电视Testing of En
14、glish as a Foreign LanguageTOEFL 托福三.巩固练习1. That man was _enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.A. care B. careful C. careless D. carelessness2. The soldier died for saving the child，so his_ is heavier than Mount Tai.A. die B. dead C. died D. death3. The child looked _at his br
15、other who was badly wounded.A. sadly B. sadness C. sadly D. sad4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a _.A. chemistry B. chemicalC. chemist D. physician5.The three- _chair isnt suitable for a young child. He may fall off.A. legging B. legged C. legs D. leged6. Stephenson became the_railwa
16、y engineer in the world.A. lead B. leader C. leading D. leadership7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked_about at his classmates.7A. proud B. proudly C. pride D. pridely8.To everyones _，the girl finished the job quite well.A. satisfied B. satisfactoryC. satisfyi
17、ng D. satisfaction9.What are you doing here?Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about _in English.You can write_passage in English?A. 600 words；a 600-words B. 600-word；a 600-wordsC. 600 words；a 600-word D. 600 words；a 600-words10. No one should enter the spot without the_of the police.A. permi
18、t B. permissionC. permitting D. permittence11. You must come with us to the police _.Our head is waiting for you.A. headquarters B. headlineC. headmaster D. headache12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it _.A. intend B. intentionC. intentionally D. intentional13. The shop owner welc
19、omed all the guests with a_smile.A. practice B. practiseC. practical D. practiced14. The_ordered him to pay a $100 fine.A. judger B. judgmentC. judge D. judgement15. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is the_news about Iraq War? A. lately B. latestC. later D. latter16. The Great Wall is mor
20、e than 6000 li in _.A. longer B. length8C. long D. longing17.To my _，I passed the exam easily.A. joy B. joyfulC. joyless D. joyness18. Canada is mainly an_country.A. English-speaking B. speak-EnglishC. spoken-English D. English-spoken19. How_ he is! He is always acting_.He is really a _.A. foolish；f
21、oolishly；foolB. fool；foolish ；foolC. foolish；fool；foolD. foolishly；foolish；fool20. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. Its of great _.A. valuable B. valueC. valueless D. unvaluable21. There were_fish in the river in South America.A. in danger B. dangerC. dangerous D. dangerless22.The lette
22、r “b” in the word “doubt” is_.A. sound B. silent C. silence D. sounded23. The child looked at me_.A. stranger B. strangely C. strange D. strangeless24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their_bravely.A. free B. freely C. freedom D. frees25. What you said sounded_ but in fact it was
23、 untrue.A. reasonable B. reasonfulC. reasonless D. unreason26. We have to learn _technology from other countries.A. advance B. advancing C. advantage D. advanced27. The children live in a village _.They come here almost every day.A. nearby B. near C. nearly D. near by928.Mr Black is an _in the army，
24、not an _in the government. You can not easily find him in his_.A. official；officer；officeB. officer；office；officialC. official；official；officialD. officer；official；office29.Youd better give up smoking if you want to keep _.A. health B. healthy C. healthily D. healthier30._ speaking，I didnt do it on purpose.A. Honestly B. Honest C. Honesty D. Dishonest参考答案1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB 16-20 BAAAB 21-25 CBBCA 26-30 DADBA
