1、基础部分第一章 语 法11 时态一、 一般现在时一般现在时通常表示习惯动作、一般状态、客观规律和和永恒真理。如主语为第三人称单数，动词后需 s 或 es。He always gets up late on Sunday.He lives on a lonely island in the Pacific Ocean.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.在以 as soon as, when, after 等引导的时间状语从句中，或以 if, unless 等引导的条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。Ill ring you
2、as soon as he comes back.Youll succeed if you try your best.二、 现在进行时1、现在进行时用法现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作，也表示目前一段时间内正在进行的活动。2、现在进行时表将来现在进行时也可表示将来的动作：它指按人们的计划、安排将要发生的动作或指即将开始的动作。 Im leaving for Beijing tomorrow.3、现在进行时的感情色彩现在进行时也可用来给习惯性动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩。 She is always cooking some delicious food for her family.He
3、is always finding fault with his employees.三、现在完成时1、现在完成时的用法现在完成时表示目前已完成的动作或刚刚完成的动作，也可表示从过去某一刻发生，现仍延续着的动作或情况。此时态强调动作对现在的影响。The conference has lasted for five days.Hes just bought a beautiful house.2、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别句中谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完成时主要取决于动作是否对现在有影响。What did she say about it?I have lived in Nanjing
4、for 15 years.四、一般过去时一般过去时表示过去某个特定时间发生且一下子就完成的动作，也可表示过去习惯性的动作。一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去。I had a word with Julia this morning.He smoked forty cigarettes a day until he gave up.五、过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某时正在发生的动作，也可表示过去某段时间内正在发生或反复发生的动作。Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a you
5、ng man.Bill was coughing all night long.六、过去完成时过去完成时表示过去某时之前已完成的动作或状况。在时间上，它属于“过去的过去”。在句中常有明显的参照动作或有表示“到过去某时为止”的时间状语。By the end of the war, the small workshop had become a large factory.They found that a stream had formed in the field.七、一般将来时1、一般将来时用法一般将来时表示某个将来时间会发生的动作或情况，也可表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性的动作。He wi
6、ll take part in an important boat race across the Atlantic.The students will have five English classes per week this term2、其它用法表将来be going to, be to, be about to 等也可表示将来发生的动作，但它们常常表示打算、计划、安排和即将要发生的动作。八、将来进行时将来进行时表示将来某时正在发生或持续的动作。其构成：will+be+动词的现在分词。Ill be reading this time tomorrow.Most of the young
7、 people in the town will be meeting them at the station.九、将来完成时将来完成时表示将来某时前已完成的动作，它也可用来表示推测。 They will have stayed here for five months next week.By the end of next month, they will have read twenty short stories.十、现在完成进行时1、现在完成进行时用法现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作。此动作或情况可能已停止，也可能继续下去。它也可表示刚结束的动作。 Ive bee
8、n working for IBM for 15 years.Ive been waiting for an hour but she still hasnt come.2、现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别是“前者一般表示已结束的动作或情况，它强调对现在的影响。后者一般表示仍在进行或刚刚还在进行的动作或情况，它强调动作的延续性。 I have thought it over.我已经考虑过这件事了。I have been thinking it over.我一直在考虑这件事。1.2 被动语态用法1、被动语态的使用动作执行者无须指出或不明确时 Printing wa
9、s introduced into Europe from China.Rome was not built in a day. 为了强调动作的承受者时Four people were killed and thirty-one injured in the bomb attack.Susan was singled out for praise yesterday. 为了修辞的需要He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.Yesterday he visi
10、ted our university and was welcomed by the President. 2、主动语态与被动语态的转换将主动态形式改为被动态形式时，如遇到动词后跟双宾语的情况，我们只能将其中之一变成主语，另一个保持不变。当直接宾语变成主语时，保持在原位的间接宾语前需加介词to。I gave my husband a tie as a birthday present., My husband was given a tie as a birthday present., A tie was given to my husband as a birthday present.1
11、3 虚拟语气一、 虚拟语气用于非真实条件时构成1、 虚拟语气用于非真实条件时构成If 从句 主句与现在事实相反与过去事实相反与将来事实相反 动词的过去式（be 为 were）动词的过去完成式 1动词的过去式（be 为 were）2Were+不定式 3Should+ 动词原形 would(should)+动词原形 would(should, could, might)+have+动词的过去分词 would(should, could, might)+动词原形If I had time, I would go to the movies with you.If we hadnt made adeq
12、uate preparations, the conference wouldnt have been so successful.If it were to rain tomorrow, the game would be put off.2、 混合虚拟式在非真实条件句中，有时从句的动词所表示的动作和主句的动词所表示的动作并不同时发生，这样的条件句中使用的虚拟式称为混合虚拟式。其构成视具体情况而定。If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now.If I were you, I w
13、ouldnt have missed the film last night.3、省略 if 的形式引导非真实条件从句的连词 if 在正式文体中有时可以省去，were, had, should 等非行为动词这时应提到从句句首。If I were you, I wouldnt feel sorry.Were I you, I wouldnt feel sorry.4、没有 if 的虚拟式有些句从表层结构上看无 if 引导的非真实条件句，但从深层意思上看是存在的。这种情况下主句动词仍需用虚拟式。这类句子中常出现 without（结果没有） ，but for（要不是） ，otherwise（否则）,
14、but that（若不，后接一从句）等词或词组。But for your help, they couldnt have succeeded.要不是你的帮助，他们就不会取得成功。She wasnt feeling well. Otherwise she wouldnt have left the meeting so early.她感到不舒服。不然她不会那么早就离开会场的。二、虚拟语气用于其它情况1在 its necessary (important, natural, essential, proposed, required, suggested, impossible, strange)
15、 that结构中，that 引导的真正的主语从句中动词应用虚拟式，表示必要、应该、建议、要求、惊讶、不相信等意。Its necessary that we (should) set out at once.Its proposed that a committee (should) be set up to look into the matter.2在 ask, require, order, demand, suggest, propose, command, insist 等动词后的宾语从句中，动词也用虚拟式，表示命令、建议、要求等。I suggest that we (should)
16、go camping to tomorrow.注意：以上句中 suggest 意为“建议”，若 suggest 作“ 暗示” ， “表明”解，从句谓语动词则不用虚拟式。The statistics suggest that production has been on the increase since May.He insisted that our laboratory reports (should) be handed in the day after the experiment was done.他坚持要求我们在做完实验后第二天将实验报告交上来。注意：以上句中 insist 意为
17、“坚持要求”。如 insist 作“坚持认为”解，则不可用虚拟式。He insisted that he was right.他坚持认为他是对的。3虚拟式可用于 wish 后的宾语从句中，表示与事实相反的愿望。I wish I had been to the concert last night.I wish be would forgive me.4. Its (high, about) time that的句型要求用虚拟式，表示应该做还没做的事。Its high time that he stopped smoking.Its about time that we took our lea
18、ve.5. 在 I would (dad) rather 后的句子中，动词也要求用虚拟式，表示某人的愿望。Id rather you left tomorrow instead of today.Id rather he hadnt done anything like that.6在 as if (though)引导的状语从句中，谓语动词有时用虚拟式。She looks as if she knew all about it.They talked as though they had been acquainted with each other for years.14 倒 装 倒装语序
19、有两类：全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装指谓语部分全部提到主语之前；部分倒装指谓语的一部分提到主语之前。15 从 句从句按其在主句中的句法功能可分为三类：即名词性从句、形容词性从句（即定语从句）和副词性从句（即状语从句） 。引导从句的词称作关联词。16 强 调1一般强调结构强调结构为：It is (was) that。它可以用来强调句中的某些成分，如主语（从句） 、宾语（从句） 、状语（从句）等。如强调主语或宾语，则 that 可用 who（指人） ，whom 或which（指物）来代替；如强调的是状语，则不能用 when, where 等代替，只能用 that。注意，强调结构不能用来强调谓语动词
20、和表语。It was my uncle that (who) sent me the parcel.It is the article that (which) they discussed last week.It was because he was too careless that he broke all the glasses.It is in this room that I was born 30 years ago. 2谓语动词前用 do, does, did 表示强调谓语动词前用 do, does, did 表示强调在肯定句中，可以用 do 强调谓语部分，可译为：“务必”、
21、 “一定”、 “真的”、 “确实”等。这时动词要用原形。He does like to eat noodles.She did send me a postcard as I expected. 17 一 致一致指句子成分之间或词语之间在性、数等方面应保持一致。主谓一致指谓语动词与主语必须在人称、性、数上保持一致。在具体处理一致关系时可遵循以下三原则：语法一致、意义一致、就近一致。18 非谓语动词非谓语动词是指动词不定式、动名词和分词。它们是动词的非限定形式。在句子中它们起着一些特殊的作用。以下简要介绍它们各自的构成、作用及应用。19 形容词、副词的比较级1等比句句型下面这种句型主要表示人或物
22、的性质、特征等方面有某些近似或相等：主语+谓语+as+形容词/副词+as+比较对象We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years in the past.句子中两个 as 作用不同，前一个 as 是副词，含“如此” 的意思；后一个 as 是连词，表示“比”或“如同”的意义。下面这种句型的意思是“不比多”或“ 不少于”：主语+谓语+no more/less+形容词 / 副词比较级+than+被比对象是表达“相等”或“ 近似”的一种说法。例如：She is no less dili
23、gent than her classmates.2比较级句型比较级句型用于表示两个人或事物之间的差别。它包括两个方面：一是优等比较，即“甲胜于乙”；一是次等比较，即“ 甲不及乙” 。比较级句型结构是：主语+谓语+形容词/副词比较级+（名词）+than+被比对象或：主语+谓语+more/less+ 形容词/ 副词+than+被比对象Facts speak louder than eloquence.The new edition of the dictionary is more expensive than the old one.“否定的同等比较” 也用于表示两个人或事物之间的差别。例如：
24、John doesnt work so hard as Henry.3最高级句型最高级句型用于表示某一事物在一定范围内最突出或某一动作达到最高程度的句子。一般要有一个表示范围的词组。the+形容词/副词最高级+（名词）+范围词1. Jane is the tallest girl in the department of public relations.2. Of all the students, Beth works hardest.注：引导范围的介词，如果为同一范畴用 of，如例 2；否则用 in，如例 1。否定词+比较级该句型的原意思是“再没有比更”，也表示“ 最 ”的概念。Ther
25、e is nothing in the world more potent and more impotent than words.4The.the.结构Thethe结构该句型表示“越，越”。The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.5 少数形容词比较级不用连词 than少数形容词比较级不用连词 than superior(优于), inferior (低于), senior(年长于), junior(年幼于)等词之后用 to, 而不用 than。His strength is superior to mine.My kn
26、owledge is inferior to his.6一些表示两者之间有所比较和选择的句型些表示两者之间有所比较和选择的句型Better to do well than to say well.说得好不如做得好。I would rather join you in research work than go on holiday to the seaside.我宁愿和你们一起参加科研工作，也不愿到海滨去度假。I prefer to work rather than sit idle.我宁愿工作，也不愿闲坐着。He would sooner resign than take part in s
27、uch dishonest business deals.他宁愿辞职，也不愿参与那样不诚实的买卖。110 情态动词的一些特殊用法情态动词本身有语义，表示说话人的语气或情态，但语义不完整，不能单独作谓语动词，一般只能与动词原形一起构成谓语动词。现就考试中出现频率高的情态动词及其用法做些说明。一、must与 must 有关的题型经常与其后面应跟什么时态有关。在有 must 的句中，常表示说话人在进行依据较充分的推测。至于用哪些时态，则有两个参考标准：句中的时间状语和句间的关系。You look so sleepy. You must have sat up late last night.你看不去
28、这么困倦，昨晚一定睡得很晚。I mailed that letter a week ago. He must have received it.我一周前就发出了那封信，想必他一定收到了。must+have+过去分词：用于肯定句，表示对过去情况的推测，意为“肯定，一定”。You had only a little egg at breakfast today. You must be hungry now.Must 加动词原形，表示对现在发生动作和事物的猜测，有“一定，准是”的意思。其他情态动词如 may(might), should(ought to), can (could), need 的
29、用法分列如下：二、may (might)may(might)+have+过去分词：用于肯定句和其他否定句，表示对已发生事情的不肯定推测，意为“可能，大概” ，其中 might 较 may 语气更弱，把握更小。They may have derived inspiration from these words.他们可能从这些话语中获得了灵感。Our manager may (might) have gone to Guangzhuo to attend Spring Fair there last week.我们经理可能已于上周去广州参加春季交易会了。三、should除了其一般的用法以外，sho
30、uld 也表示说话人的感情如愤怒、惊奇、失望等。I am sorry that he should be so stubborn.他居然如此固执，我对此感到很抱歉。Why should I go there while she stays home?为什么我得去那儿，而她却能呆在家里？should(ought to)+have+过去分词句型：指过去的事情。如果是肯定句，表示过去本应发生的事却没有发生，含“遗憾、责备、建议或指正”等意味；如果是否定句则表示已发生了本不该发生的事。You should have told him the paint on that seat is we你本应告诉他
31、座位上的油漆未干。They shouldt have left so soon.他们不该这么早就离开。四、can(could)用于否定和凝问句中，后面跟动词的完成式时，表示对过去发生事件的“怀疑或不肯定”。could 比 can 更表示说话人语气的不肯定。Nobody could have foreseen all this.当时无人能预见到所有这一切。It couldnt have been Mr. Smith. He has gone to China.不太可能是史密斯先生。他已去了中国。五、needneednt+have+过去分词：表示过去做了但不必做的事情，意为“其实不必”。You n
32、eednt have walked up; you could have taken the lift.你本不必走上来，你本来可以乘电梯的。You neednt have watered the vegetables, as it is going to rain.你本不必给蔬菜浇水，因为天要下雨了。第二部分 基础部分第一章 语 法11 时态一、 一般现在时一般现在时通常表示习惯动作、一般状态、客观规律和和永恒真理。如主语为第三人称单数，动词后需 s 或 es。He always gets up late on Sunday.He lives on a lonely island in the
33、 Pacific Ocean.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.在以 as soon as, when, after 等引导的时间状语从句中，或以 if, unless 等引导的条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。Ill ring you as soon as he comes back.Youll succeed if you try your best. 二、 现在进行时1、现在进行时用法现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作，也表示目前一段时间内正在进行的活动。2、现在进行时表将来现在进行时也可表示将来的动作：它指按人们
34、的计划、安排将要发生的动作或指即将开始的动作。 Im leaving for Beijing tomorrow.3、现在进行时的感情色彩现在进行时也可用来给习惯性动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩。 She is always cooking some delicious food for her family.He is always finding fault with his employees.三、现在完成时1、现在完成时的用法现在完成时表示目前已完成的动作或刚刚完成的动作，也可表示从过去某一刻发生，现仍延续着的动作或情况。此时态强调动作对现在的影响。The conference has l
35、asted for five days.Hes just bought a beautiful house.2、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别句中谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完成时主要取决于动作是否对现在有影响。What did she say about it?I have lived in Nanjing for 15 years.四、一般过去时一般过去时表示过去某个特定时间发生且一下子就完成的动作，也可表示过去习惯性的动作。一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响，只说明过去。I had a word with Julia this morning.He smoked forty cigare
36、ttes a day until he gave up.五、过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某时正在发生的动作，也可表示过去某段时间内正在发生或反复发生的动作。Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a young man.Bill was coughing all night long.六、过去完成时过去完成时表示过去某时之前已完成的动作或状况。在时间上，它属于“过去的过去”。在句中常有明显的参照动作或有表示“到过去某时为止”的时间状语。By the end of the war, the
37、 small workshop had become a large factory.They found that a stream had formed in the field.七、一般将来时1、一般将来时用法一般将来时表示某个将来时间会发生的动作或情况，也可表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性的动作。He will take part in an important boat race across the Atlantic.The students will have five English classes per week this term2、其它用法表将来be going to,
38、be to, be about to 等也可表示将来发生的动作，但它们常常表示打算、计划、安排和即将要发生的动作。八、将来进行时将来进行时表示将来某时正在发生或持续的动作。其构成：will+be+动词的现在分词。Ill be reading this time tomorrow.Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station.九、将来完成时将来完成时表示将来某时前已完成的动作，它也可用来表示推测。 They will have stayed here for five months next we
39、ek.By the end of next month, they will have read twenty short stories.十、现在完成进行时1、现在完成进行时用法现在完成进行时表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作。此动作或情况可能已停止，也可能继续下去。它也可表示刚结束的动作。 Ive been working for IBM for 15 years.Ive been waiting for an hour but she still hasnt come.2、现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别是“前者一般表示已结束的动作或情况，它强调对现在
40、的影响。后者一般表示仍在进行或刚刚还在进行的动作或情况，它强调动作的延续性。 I have thought it over.我已经考虑过这件事了。I have been thinking it over.我一直在考虑这件事。 1.2 被动语态用法1、被动语态的使用动作执行者无须指出或不明确时 Printing was introduced into Europe from China.Rome was not built in a day. 为了强调动作的承受者时Four people were killed and thirty-one injured in the bomb attack.
41、Susan was singled out for praise yesterday. 为了修辞的需要He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.Yesterday he visited our university and was welcomed by the President. 2、主动语态与被动语态的转换将主动态形式改为被动态形式时，如遇到动词后跟双宾语的情况，我们只能将其中之一变成主语，另一个保持不变。当直接宾语变成主语时，保持在原位的间接宾语前需
42、加介词to。I gave my husband a tie as a birthday present., My husband was given a tie as a birthday present., A tie was given to my husband as a birthday present.13 虚拟语气一、 虚拟语气用于非真实条件时构成1、 虚拟语气用于非真实条件时构成If 从句 主句与现在事实相反与过去事实相反与将来事实相反 动词的过去式（be 为 were）动词的过去完成式 1动词的过去式（be 为 were）2Were+不定式 3Should+ 动词原形 woul
43、d(should)+动词原形 would(should, could, might)+have+动词的过去分词 would(should, could, might)+动词原形If I had time, I would go to the movies with you.If we hadnt made adequate preparations, the conference wouldnt have been so successful.If it were to rain tomorrow, the game would be put off.2、 混合虚拟式在非真实条件句中，有时从句
44、的动词所表示的动作和主句的动词所表示的动作并不同时发生，这样的条件句中使用的虚拟式称为混合虚拟式。其构成视具体情况而定。If I had taken my raincoat when I came out this morning, I would not be wet now.If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night.3、省略 if 的形式引导非真实条件从句的连词 if 在正式文体中有时可以省去，were, had, should 等非行为动词这时应提到从句句首。If I were you, I wouldnt feel
45、 sorry.Were I you, I wouldnt feel sorry.4、没有 if 的虚拟式有些句从表层结构上看无 if 引导的非真实条件句，但从深层意思上看是存在的。这种情况下主句动词仍需用虚拟式。这类句子中常出现 without（结果没有） ，but for（要不是） ，otherwise（否则）,but that（若不，后接一从句）等词或词组。But for your help, they couldnt have succeeded.要不是你的帮助，他们就不会取得成功。She wasnt feeling well. Otherwise she wouldnt have le
46、ft the meeting so early.她感到不舒服。不然她不会那么早就离开会场的。二、虚拟语气用于其它情况1在 its necessary (important, natural, essential, proposed, required, suggested, impossible, strange) that结构中，that 引导的真正的主语从句中动词应用虚拟式，表示必要、应该、建议、要求、惊讶、不相信等意。Its necessary that we (should) set out at once.Its proposed that a committee (should)
47、be set up to look into the matter.2在 ask, require, order, demand, suggest, propose, command, insist 等动词后的宾语从句中，动词也用虚拟式，表示命令、建议、要求等。I suggest that we (should) go camping to tomorrow.注意：以上句中 suggest 意为“建议”，若 suggest 作“ 暗示” ， “表明”解，从句谓语动词则不用虚拟式。The statistics suggest that production has been on the inc
48、rease since May.He insisted that our laboratory reports (should) be handed in the day after the experiment was done.他坚持要求我们在做完实验后第二天将实验报告交上来。注意：以上句中 insist 意为“坚持要求”。如 insist 作“坚持认为”解，则不可用虚拟式。He insisted that he was right.他坚持认为他是对的。3虚拟式可用于 wish 后的宾语从句中，表示与事实相反的愿望。I wish I had been to the concert last
49、 night.I wish be would forgive me.4. Its (high, about) time that的句型要求用虚拟式，表示应该做还没做的事。Its high time that he stopped smoking.Its about time that we took our leave.5. 在 I would (dad) rather 后的句子中，动词也要求用虚拟式，表示某人的愿望。Id rather you left tomorrow instead of today.Id rather he hadnt done anything like that.6在 as if (though)引导的状语从句中，谓语动词有时用虚拟式。She looks as if she knew all about it.They talked as though they had been acquainted with each other for years.14 倒 装 倒装语序有两类：全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒
