1、,2015年5月24日清晨，震惊世界的消息出来了，伟大的数学家约翰纳什与他82岁的妻子因为出租车车祸在美国新泽西州遇难，终年86岁。据美国广播公司5月24日报道，出租车司机当时正在试图超车，结果车辆失控撞上防护栏，约翰纳什夫妇被弹出汽车。据了解，纳什夫妇本周赴挪威领取阿贝尔奖（数学界的诺贝尔奖），周六刚乘飞机返回美国。,A Beautiful Mind makes itself the Top 10 list of many. The movie is indeed great. Director Ron Howard did a marvelous job and then the stel
2、lar acting by Russell Crowe and Jennifer Connelly based on the life on the noted mathematician John Nash, Jr. (1928-2015 ) who received his PhD from Princeton University in 1950.When speaking about his research, the impact of his 27 page dissertation on the fields of mathematics and economics was tr
3、emendous. In 1951 he joined the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge. His battle with schizophrenia began around 1958, and the struggle with this illness would continue for much of his life. Nash eventually returned to the community of Princeton. He was awarded the Nobel
4、 Prize in Economics in 1994. The 2001 film A Beautiful Mind, staring Russell Crowe, was loosely based on the life of Nash.,5 Things to know about the real John Nash vs the one portrayed on the film,1. In the movie A Beautiful Mind there is a scene in which faculty members present their pens to Nash.
5、 What is the origin of the pen ceremony? When did it start?,No such custom exists,The scene in the movie A Beautiful Mind in which mathematics professors ritualistically present pens to Nash was completely fabricated in Hollywood. No such custom exists. What it symbolizes is that Nash was accepted a
6、nd recognized in the mathematics community for his accomplishments. While some movies are based on books, the film A Beautiful Mind states that it was inspired by the life of John Nash. There are many discrepancies between the book and the film.,2. May I have a copy of Nash s 1994 Nobel Prize accept
7、ance speech?,At the Nobel Prize Award ceremony, His Majesty the King of Sweden hands each Laureate （得奖人）a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the Prize amount. The Laureates do not give acceptance speeches. Usually Laureates are each invited to give an hour-long lecture; however, the Nobel c
8、ommittee did not ask Nash to do so, due to concerns over his mental health.,In fact, the only speech he gave was at a party at Princeton,“He was not inclined to give speeches, he said, but he had three things to say. First, he hoped that getting the Nobel would improve his credit rating because he r
9、eally wanted a credit card. Second, he said that one is supposed to say that one is glad he is sharing the prize, but he wished he had won the whole thing because he really needed the money badly. Third, Nash said that he had won for game theory and that he felt that game theory was like string theo
10、ry, a subject of great intrinsic intellectual interest that the world wishes to imagine can be of some utility. He said it with enough skepticism in his voice to make it funny”.,Serving as a Senior Research Mathematician at Princeton University during the latter part of his life,John Nash shared the
11、 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with game theorists Reinhard Selten and John Harsanyi.,3. A Perfect Marriage Life?,In 1951, Nash went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a C. L. E. Moore Instructor in the mathematics faculty. There, he met Alicia Lopez ,who graduated from
12、 M.I.T., having majored in physics. They married in February 1957. Nash and Alicia Lopez divorced in 1963, though after his final hospital discharge in 1970, Nash lived in her house. They remarried in 2001. John Nash fathered an out-of-wedlock son with a Boston nurse.,4. What is Game Theory?（博弈论）,Pr
13、isoners dilemma 警方逮捕甲、乙两名嫌疑犯，但没有足够证据指控二人入罪。于是警方分开囚禁嫌疑犯，分别和二人见面，并向双方提供以下相同的选择： 若一人认罪并作证检举对方（相关术语称“背叛”对方），而对方保持沉默，此人将即时获释，沉默者将判监10年。 若二人都保持沉默（相关术语称互相“合作”），则二人同样判监半年。 若二人都互相检举（互相“背叛”），则二人同样判监5年。,Prisoners dilemma,Nash Equilibrium 纳什均衡理论,A paradox in in which two individuals acting in their own best int
14、erest pursue a course of action that does not result in the ideal outcome. The typical prisoners dilemma is set up in such a way that both parties choose to protect themselves at the expense of the other participant.As a result of following a purely logical thought process to help oneself, both part
15、icipants find themselves in a worse state than if they had cooperated with each other in the decision-making process.,Nash Equilibrium 纳什均衡理论,一个博弈收益图 中心点是该博弈的纳什均衡,BREAKING DOWN PRISONERS DILEMMA,Win-win strategy profileNashs theories are used in market economics, computing, evolutionary biology, art
16、ificial intelligence, accounting, politics and military theory.,Whats Wrong with his Mind,Nash began to show signs of extreme paranoia and his wife later described his behavior as erratic, as he began speaking of characters like Charles Herman and William Parcher who were putting him in danger. Nash
17、 seemed to believe that all men who wore red ties were part of a communist conspiracy against him. Nash mailed letters to embassies in Washington, D.C., declaring that they were establishing a government. He was admitted to the McLean Hospital, AprilMay 1959, where he was diagnosed with paranoid sch
18、izophrenia.,Schizophrenia,The word schizophrenia comes from the Greek word skhizeinmeaning “to split“ and the Greek word Phrenos (phren) meaning “diaphragm, heart, mind“. The clinical picture is dominated by relatively stable, often paranoid, fixed beliefs that are either false, over-imaginative or
19、unrealistic, usually accompanied by experiences of seemingly real perception of something not actually present particularly auditory and perceptional disturbances,. a lack of motivation for life, and mild clinical depression.,The brain,Our brain consists of billions of nerve cells. Each nerve cell h
20、as branches that give out and receive messages from other nerve cells. The ending of these nerve cells release neurotransmitters - types of chemicals. These neurotransmitters carry messages from the endings of one nerve cell to the nerve cell body of another. In the brain of a person who has schizop
21、hrenia, this messaging system does not work properly.,What causes schizophrenia?,Nobody has been able to pinpoint one single cause. Experts believe several factors are generally involved in contributing to the onset of schizophrenia. Your genes If there is no history of schizophrenia in your family
22、your chances of developing it are less than 1%. However, that risk rises to 10% if one of your parents was/is a sufferer.,Chemical imbalance in the brain: Experts believe that an imbalance of dopamine, a neurotransmitter, is involved in the onset of schizophrenia. Family relationships They might not
23、 be the cause for schizophrenia, but family tension may trigger relapses. Environment: Stressful experiences often precede the emergence of schizophrenia. Some drugs,Symptoms of schizophrenia,Positive symptoms - These are symptoms that appear, which people without schizophrenia do not have. For exam
24、ple, delusion.Negative symptoms - these refer to elements that are taken away from the individual; loss or absence of normal traits or abilities that people without schizophrenia normally have. For example, blunted emotion.Cognitive symptoms - the patients ability to concentrate, remember things, pl
25、an ahead, and to organize himself/herself are affected. Communication becomes more difficult.Emotional symptoms - these are symptoms within the persons feelings. They are usually negative symptoms, such as blunted emotions.,+,Delusions - The patient has false beliefs of persecution, guilt of grandeu
26、r. He/she may feel things are being controlled from outside. It is not uncommon for people with schizophrenia to describe plots against them. They may think they have extraordinary powers and gifts. Some patients with schizophrenia may hide in order to protect themselves from an imagined persecution
27、.Hallucinations - hearing voices is much more common than seeing, feeling, tasting, or smelling things which are not there, but seem very real to the patient.Thought disorder - the person may jump from one subject to another for no logical reason. The speaker may be hard to follow. The patients spee
28、ch might be muddled and incoherent. In some cases the patient may believe that somebody is messing with his/her mind.,Negative -,Lack of motivation (avolition) - the patient loses his/her drive. Everyday automatic actions, such as washing and cooking are abandoned. It is important that those close t
29、o the patient understand that this loss of drive is due to the illness, and has nothing to do with slothfulness.Poor expression of emotions - responses to happy or sad occasions may be lacking, or inappropriate.Social withdrawal - when a patient with schizophrenia withdraws socially it is often beca
30、use he/she believes somebody is going to harm them. Other reasons could be a fear of interacting with other humans because of poor social skills.Unaware of illness - as the hallucinations and delusions seem so real for the patients, many of them may not believe they are ill. They may refuse to take
31、medications which could help them enormously for fear of side-effects, for example.,Struggle against the illness,In 1961, Nash was admitted to the New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton. Over the next nine years, he spent periods in psychiatric hospitals, where, aside from receiving antipsychotic medi
32、cations, he was administered insulin shock therapy. Although he sometimes took prescribed medication, Nash later wrote that he only ever did so under pressure. After 1970, he was never committed to the hospital again and he refused any medication.,No medication?,According to Nash himself, “Thus furt
33、her time passed. Then gradually I began to intellectually reject some of the delusionally influenced lines of thinking which had been characteristic of my orientation. This began, most recognizably, with the rejection of politically oriented thinking as essentially a hopeless waste of intellectual effort. So at the present time I seem to be thinking rationally again in the style that is characteristic of scientists.“,花絮儿,2011年，纳什来中国参加诺贝尔奖得主论坛，新华社记者曾专访纳什，问及对美丽心灵的评价，纳什说：“这是一部制作得非常好的电影，而且取得了很高的艺术成就。我看过好几遍。不过，每次看的时候，我心里并不好受。但我还是认为这部电影有助于人们理解与尊重患有精神疾病的人。” 演员罗素曾拜访他。,
