1、船 艺 训 练 Seamanship Training,第一章 船用缆绳概述第一节 船用缆绳的种类一. 植物纤维绳(natural fiber rope)1. 白棕绳(manila rope)多用作辘绳及绑扎用绳(如上高作业和舷外作业时穿配滑车及搭跳时用)等受力较小的场合及曲率较大的物体上。2. 油蔴绳(tarred rope)仅用作包缠(因浸过焦油, 不易腐烂, 故可用于露天, 但目前己逐渐为化纤绳所代替) 。3. 棉蔴绳(cotton-hemp rope)因其为编织绳, 且经防腐处理, 故多用作旗绳和撇缆绳等(但现船上考虑到价廉及防腐性能好的因素,已渐有用化纤绳作撇缆绳的趋向)。植物纤维绳
2、的特性: 柔软、质轻、强度小、易腐。,二. 化学纤维绳(synthetic fiber rope)1. 尼龙绳(nylon rope)又称锦纶绳, 在化纤绳中强度最大, 有一定的耐酸、碱和油类的能力, 伸长率较 大, 有一定的吸水性,耐温性较差(常用作糸船缆) 。2. 涤纶绳(terylone rope)强度仅次于尼龙绳,耐酸、碱和油类能力强, 耐温性最好, 吸水率仅为0.4%,但价格最高。3. 丙纶绳和乙纶绳(polypropylene rope and polyethy-lene rope) 吸水性不大, 乙纶绳对化学品的耐腐蚀性能最好, 而丙纶绳能耐磨。但它们的耐温性都较差。4. 维尼纶
3、绳(venylon rope)在化纤绳中强度最小, 伸长率小, 吸水性最大, 耐油类和盐类物质, 耐温性较好, 价格比较便宜。化纤绳特性: 柔软, 质轻, 耐腐性较好, 耐温性较差, 伸长率大。,三. 钢丝绳(steel wire rope)1. 硬钢丝绳(stiff wire rope) P.3 图1-1-1如:77; 719等. 强度最大, 但最硬, 操作不便, 故常用于大桅支索和烟囱支索等直来直去的地方。 2. 半硬钢丝绳(semiflexible wire rope) 如:619+1; 637+1等规格, 强度不如硬钢丝绳,但较柔软, 常用作拖缆、糸船缆和保险缆等。3. 软钢丝绳(fl
4、exible wire rope)如24+7; 630+7等规格,在三种钢丝绳中强度最小,但最柔软,常用 于糸船缆、吊货索等。油蔴芯的作用:1)减少钢丝绳内部摩擦;2)增加钢丝绳柔软度,便于操作;3)防止钢丝绳内部生锈;4)润滑。 钢丝绳特性:硬,质重,强度大,伸长率小。,第二节 缆绳的制法及度量一. 制法1. 拧绞绳(laid rope)S型/Z型(即左搓绳/右搓绳) 、如三股纤维绳和钢丝绳。2. 编织绳(braided rope)不易扭结,但因内外层不牵扯,强度较小。常用作旗绳、撇缆绳和救生绳。3. 编绞绳(cross rope)通常用作系船缆。4. 复合缆(composite rope)
5、 钢丝绳与化纤绳复合,兼有强度大和柔软的特点。二. 度量1. 量法: C (in.)周长 1/8 D (mm)直径 (1in25.4mm)2. 长度: 公制(每捆纤维绳: 200/210m; 每捆钢丝绳210/500m) 英制(每捆120拓220m) (1fm=2yd, 1yd=3ft, 1ft=12in)3. 质量: 纤维绳:每200米的质量钢丝绳:每米的质量,第三节、强度计算 一. 缆绳的强度(P.5-6,1/61/2) 二. 缆绳强度下降的因素及程度(P.7, 重点记3点),第四节、缆绳的使用、检查及保养一. 植物纤维绳1. 启用新绳的方法(细绳P.8图1-1-6.a/粗绳P.8图-1-
6、6.b)2. 鉴别绳索质地优劣的方法(外观次要,主要内部,手掰开)3. 绳索的盘向(左搓型; 右搓/z型)4. 保养(防潮湿及受潮或海水侵袭后的措施) 二. 化纤绳远离热源,避晒,避剧烈摩擦(如避免绞车空转,经常摩擦处包以帆布) , 低温时避免急折; 三. 钢丝绳1. 启用新绳的方法(转架P.9图1-1-7/甲板上滚)2. 钢丝绳不应有扭结、急折(带缆时弯曲处应至少有倍绳径以上的弯曲半径 ,注: 绳径指钢丝绳直经。)3. 在钢丝绳10倍直径长度内发现断丝数超过%*(P10. 勘误) 或有显著变形、 磨损和锈蚀时应换新;4. 一根钢丝绳不能同时出两个头使用;5. 平时应定期涂油防锈;6. 切断钢
7、丝绳时,应先在切断处用油麻绳扎紧,以免切断后两绳绳头发生松散现象。,带缆注意事项:1. 忌骑跨缆绳或站入绳圈; 操作缆车时勿站在拉力线的延伸线上;2. 遇急涨或卸货较快时,松缆应分多次进行,勿次松得太多,以免其它缆绳受力过大而绷断;3. 带、解缆人员应穿戴好个人防护用品(如手套、工作鞋和安全帽等)。,第二章 绳索作业 (Rope work)第一节 纤维绳绳结 (knotting of fiber rope)一. knots for mooring work (糸泊作业用结 )1. Slippery knot for heaving line(撇缆活结) Use: Connect heaving
8、 line with the eye of the line temporarily.用途:带缆时撇缆与大缆眼环临时连接。2 . Slippery knot for mooring line (糸缆活结)Use: Secure steel wire rope on bitts.Caution: Secure at least three one.用途:糸扎双糸柱上的钢缆。注意事项:至少扎住三根钢缆。3. Stopper knot (止索结)Use: Stop the movement of the line temporarily so that the securing point can
9、be shifted from capstan to bitts. Caution: The direction of the stopper rope should be same as that of mooring line.用途:临时止住大缆的活动,以便将大缆的船方糸固点从绞缆筒转移到双糸柱上。注意事项:止索绳应朝出缆方向。4. Carrick knot (绳花结) Use: Connect broken lines temporarily用途:临时连接两根破断的大缆。5. Bitting (挽桩结)Use: Putting the line on the bitts.用途:将缆绳挽牢
10、在双系柱上。,二. Knots for connecting two ropes (两绳相连用结) 1. Sheet bend (单索花/单编结)Use: Connect two ropes with the same or different diameter, or connect rope end with rope eye. (It is often used to connect flag line with the signal flag.)用途:两根粗细相同或相近的绳头相连,或绳头连眼环用(常用于旗绳与信号旗的连接) 。 2. Double sheet bends(双索花/双编结
11、)Use: It is same as sheet bend but faster than the sheet bend.It is often used on the bosuns chair.用途:同单索花,但比单索花更牢固,常用于绳与座板连接。 3. Reef knot (平结)Use: Connect two ropes with the same diameter.用途:两根粗细相同的细绳相连。 4. Slippery reef knot (缩帆结)Use: Connect two ropes with the same diameter and easy to untie.用途:
12、同平结,但易解。,三. 拖曳和扛吊物品用结(knots for carrying articles) 1. Timber hitch (圆材结)Use: It is used to haul an object, such as a spar, that has a fairly rough surface.用途:拖拉或升降圆柱形物体(如木材等)。 2.Timber and half hitch (拖木结)Use: Similar to the half hitch but gives better control, and the combination is less likely to
13、slip than the timber hitch alone.用途:同圆材结, 但比圆材结更牢固。 3. Sling a Cask on End(立桶结)Use: Sling a cask without a ring.用途:升降单个无耳环的桶罐。 4. Carrying-pole Hitch(杠棒结)Use: It is based on Sling a Cask on End. Form double loops so that the carrying-pole or hook can be put through.Caution: The rope end should be a
14、little longer.用途:在立桶结的基础上形成双圈,便于杠棒或货钩穿过。注意事项:绳头不宜留得太短。,四. 高空作业用结(Knots for working aloft) 1. Clove Hitch(丁香结)Use: To secure the rope end around the cylinder such as rails and so on.Cautions: The rope end should be a little longer. The clove hitch should not be secured around the square object. The k
15、not will be faster if you add a half hitch to it. If necessary, you can make a slippery clove hitch.用途:绳头固定在圆柱形物体上用(如栏杆等)。注意事项:绳头不能留得过短,不宜系在矩形物体上,丁香结加半结则更牢固。视需要可打成 丁香活结。 2. Lubans Hitch(鲁班结)Use: Similar to Clove Hitch. The hauling direction can be both vertical to and parallel to the cylinder, and e
16、ven more, the knot can be made when the rope is very tightCaution: Same as Clove Hitch.用途:与丁香结相似,且绳索受力方向既可与圆柱体垂直,也可与圆柱体平行。并在绳索受力 的情况下也可系结)。注意事项:同丁香结。 3. Bowline (单套结) Use: The bowline can be used to make a loop, or used as the temporary safety harness when working aloft or outboard, and also, it can
17、 be used to connect two ropes, or, connect a rope with a loop temporarily(such as connecting the heaving line with the eye of the mooring line) Cautions: The rope end should be a little longer. The knot should be hauled tight so as to prevent from deformation用途:可用于制作临时眼环、高空或舷外作业时做临时安全带,也可用于绳 与绳、 绳与眼
18、环临时连接(如撇缆与大缆眼环连接等)。注意事项:绳头不能留得太短。绳结要收紧,以防受力时变形。 .,4. Bowline on a Bight(双套结)Use: It is used to substitute Bosuns Chair temporarily when working aloft or outboard. Caution: While making such a knot with a bight, the bight end should be overturned from downward to upward and it can not be done in oppo
19、site direction. While overturning, you should avoid making a slippery loop.用途:高空或舷外作业时代替座板用。注意事项:采用双股系法时,应由下往上套入双圈,而不能由上往下套入。翻环时应注意避免打成活套。 5. Figure of Eight Knot( “8”形结)Use: The figure of eight knot is used to prevent the rope end from slipping out of a block hole (It is often used to bring the blo
20、cks to a high place while working aloft). 用途:防止绳头从滑车孔中滑脱(常用于上高绳穿过滑车绳孔以防绳头滑脱,以便携上高处 系结滑车)。 6. Lowering hitch(松降结)Use: It is used to connect the gantline with Bosuns chair (so that the operator aloft or outboard can control the working height by himself).用途:上高绳与座板连接(供高空或舷外作业者自己控制工作点的高度)。 7. Stage knot
21、(架板结)Use: It is used to connect stage rope with the stage when working aloft or outboard (The knot can be made by two ways).用途:架板绳与架板连接用(两种打法皆可)。 8. Slippery knot for stage sling(架板活结)Use: To secure the stage rope on the rail when working aloft or outboard. 用途:将架板绳固定在栏杆上用(此结可用旋圆双半结来代替)。,五 Knots for
22、Boat(救生艇用结) 1. Boat Hitch(小艇结)Use: It is used to tow a life boat temporarily(It is easy to tie and untie).用途:临时拖带救生艇用(该结易系易解)。 2. Round Turn and Two Half Hitches(旋圆双半结)Use: It is Similar to Lubans Hitch but easier than it, and also can substitute Boat Hitch and faster than it.用途:用途类似鲁班结,但系结时比鲁班结更方便。
23、也可代替小艇结,且比小艇结更牢固。 六 Other Knots(其他绳结) 1. Whipping(扎绳头结)Use: It is used to whip the rope end to prevent it from unlaying.用途:用于绑扎绳头,防止绳股松散。 2. Rope putting away(收绳结)Use: It is used to haul tight the rope which is coiled for stowage in the deck locker.用途:用于收紧盘好的绳索。 3. Cleating(羊角挽法)Use: Secure a line,
24、such as a flag line, on a cleat.用途:系固绳索用,如系固旗绳等。,第二节. Braids of Fiber Rope(纤维绳编结) 1. Monkeys Fist(撇缆头结)Use: Adding weight to rope end to make it carry further.Preparations: Prepare rope with the length of 30 to 40 meters and with the diameter of 8 mm, a bag with the iron sand, weighing 200 g or abou
25、t.The steps: 1) coiling clockwise 2) coiling anticlockwise 3) coiling clockwiseCaution: Coiling at least 4 or 5 rounds for each direction: Adding a Bowline after hauling tight. 用途:加重撇缆绳端部,以便扔得较远。准备:一根3040米长、直径8mm 的纤维绳,铁沙袋重约200g。方法:1)顺时针缠圈 2)逆时针缠圈 3)顺时针缠圈注意事项:每一方向的绳圈至少4或5道;收紧后加一单套结。,2. Spider /Turks
26、Head(救生索中结)Use: It is used on the life line of the life boat, for the convenience of the crew boarding on the boat.Preparations: Prepare a rope with the length meeting the requirement. The distance between the two Spider Turks Head should be about 50 cm, the length of each braiding rope should be ab
27、out 80 cm. The steps: 1) Undertucking 2) Overtucking 3) Upwardtucking parallel 4) Downwardtucking parallelCaution: Cut off the remaining part of the rope end after hauling tight. 用途:用于救生艇的救生索上,便于弃船时艇员登艇用。准备:一根符合要求的救生索, 每2个救生索中结的间隔距离为50cm,4根编结用绳长度各约80cm。步骤:1)挑 2)压 3)向上平行穿一次 4)向下平行穿一次注意事项:收紧后剪去余头。,第三节
28、. Splice For Three-strand Fiber Rope(三股纤维绳插接) 1. Back Splice(绳头反插接)Use: It is used to prevent the rope end from unlaying and faster than Whipping.用途:防止绳头松散。 2. Eye Splice(眼环插接)Use: It is used to make an eye at the end of the mooring or guy for the convenience of putting over the bitt or connecting t
29、he shackle.Cautions: The rope end should be unlaid about 56 times of circumference .Tuck 3 rounds after the beginning Cut off the remaining part of the rope end but remain a rope end with the length of 2 or 3 cm. 用途:在带缆,稳索等端部做成环,便于套缆桩或连接卸扣。注意事项: 散头松开5-6倍周长;起头完后插3花;余头留2-3厘米, 然后割去余尾。 3. Short splice(短
30、插接)Use: It is used to connect two three-strand fiber rope with the same diameter.Caution: The rope end should be unlaid about five or six times of circumference .Tuck three rounds on both sides after the beginning. Cut off the remaining part of the rope end but remain a rope end with the length of t
31、wo or three centimeters.用途:连接两根同样粗细的三股纤维绳。注意事项: 散头松开5-6倍周长;起头完后插2花;余头留约23厘米,然后割去余尾。,第四节 Splice for Eight-strand Synthetic Fiber Rope(八股化纤编绞缆插接) 1. Eye Splice(眼环插接)Use: It is used to make an eye at the end of the mooring line of eight-strand synthetic fiberrope for the convenience of putting over the
32、 bittPreparations: Whip the rope with a small line at the distance of five or six times of the circumference from the rope end, then unlay the strands, and also, whip every strand temporarily.The method: Tuck along the parallel strand for three rounds.Caution: Cut off the remaining part of the rope
33、end but remain a rope end with the length of five centimeters. 用途:在八股化纤编绞缆端部制成眼环,供带缆用。准备:距绳端5-6倍周长处用小绳临时扎牢,然后将头散开,并将各分股也临时扎牢。方法:顺着平行股插,共插三花。注意事项:绳头留约5厘米,然后割去余尾既可。,2. Short Splice (短插接)Use: Connect the broken ropes with the same diameter.Preparations: Preparations: Whip the rope with a small line at
34、the distance of five or six times of the circumference from the rope end, then unlay the strands, and also, whip every strand temporarily.The method: Tuck the both rope ends parallel in the opposite direction for three rounds at both rope ends. Caution: Cut off the remaining parts of the rope end bu
35、t remain a rope end with the length of five centimeters用途:连接两根同样粗细的断缆。准备:同上。方法:两绳头相向平行插。两头各插三花即可。注意事项:绳头留约5厘米,然后割去余尾既可。 .,第五节 Splices for steel wire rope (钢丝绳插接 ) Eye splice for steel wire rope with beginning of 2-4 division (钢丝绳“二.四”起头双花眼环插接) Use: It is used to make an eye at the end of the mooring
36、 line of steel wire rope for the convenience of putting over the bitt or lifting cargo. Preparations: Whip the rope with a small line at the distance of eight or ten times of the circumference from the rope end, then unlay the strands, and also, whip every strand temporarily. The splicing tools are
37、as follows: Some tarred rope and canvas thread, two irony marlinspikes, one pair of wire pliers, one wire cutter, on working bench, goggles, canvas gloves, working suits and shoes. The method: Remember the two “clockwise”. One: The strands order should be clockwise. Two: The direction of the rope be
38、nding should be clockwise. Caution: Cut off the remaining part of the rope end with the Wire Scissor when finishing it. 用途:在钢丝绳端部制成眼环,供带缆或吊货用。 准备:距绳端8-10倍周长处用小绳临时扎牢,然后将头散开,并将各分股 也临时扎牢。油麻绳,帆线少许,铁笔2支、钢丝剪一把、钢丝绳切断器一台、专用木凳一条、 另准备好护目镜,帆布手套,工作服和工作鞋。 方法:记住两个“顺时针”。股序顺时针。绳头绕向顺时针。 注意事项:插接完毕后用钢丝剪剪去余尾。,1. Beginn
39、ing: Strands No. 1 to No. 4 are “same in”. 2. Body: Strand No. 5 is “different in ,same out”. Strand No. 6 is “different in, different out”. Then, “different in, different out” ( three rounds in all for the body). 3. Ending: Give up odd strands and splice even strands or vice versa. Finally, cut off
40、 the remaining parts of the strands. 1. 起头:一至四股同孔进,异孔出; 2. 中间步骤:第五股相对于第四股异孔进,同孔出;第六股相对于第五股异孔进,异孔出;以 后每股皆异孔进,异孔出(中间步骤总共3花); 3. 收尾:丢一,三,五股,插二,四,六股,或丢二,四,六股,插一,三,五股,最后剪去余 尾。,第六节 撇缆作业(line-heaving)实作内容:将连接撇缆的撇缆头抛投至25米以外的规定区域(如图示)。抛投姿势共三种:船舶式,旋转式和码头式(重点掌握船舶式)。实作要求: 撇缆前先检查撇缆绳的强度;考查时每人共撇三次,取最好一次成绩。25米为格,27
41、米中等,28米良好,30米优秀。10米25米 27米 28米 30米D: 2 米,第三章滑车与索具(blocks and riggings)第一节 滑车(blocks) 一滑车配绳方法:“一 一”至“五五”等配绳方法(见演示)。(滑轮直径与绳索直径比),第二节 索具(riggings) 一卸扣(shackle) :1用途:用于连接各种绳头眼环,链环和其他属具的可卸式金属连接构件。通常有圆形和直形两种。它由本体和横栓两部分组成。种类有锚卸扣,锚链卸扣和绳头卸扣等。2. 使用注意事项:卸扣使用时不可横向受力,也不得超负荷,以免变形使横栓卡死。横栓和栓眼要每三个月除锈和加油润滑一次。螺栓不得碰损,以
42、免影响拆装。 二、 钩(hook)1用途:勾挂货物的索具。钩的构造分钩把,钩背和钩尖三部分,种类见P .40。 2. 使用注意事项:1)如有斜度或成水平方向受力,钩尖应朝上,以防钩子脱落。2)钩尖开口部分的距离如超过原有间距的15%或有裂缝时,必须换新。三、绳头卸扣(wire clip/bulldog grip)1用途:用于夹紧和固定两根平行的钢丝绳或制作临时眼环的紧固件。2使用注意事项:1)绳头卸扣排列的间距应等于6倍的钢丝绳直径。2)使用时夹座应位于绳头一侧。,第四章船体保养(ship maintenance)船体保养计划(大副/水头)cf. P 135137 (船体检查保养项目表)航次,
43、月度,季度,半年,一年。cf.航修,小修,检修(每隔2-3次小修)。第一节船体清洁(ship cleaning)个人房间/工作场所/公共场所 一水:驾驶台,海图室; 二水:外走廊,甲板,首尾楼和栏杆等。 冲洗顺序:上风下风;高处低处;舷内舷外注意事项:1) 关闭门窗,舱盖板及通风筒。2) 海,淡水(肥皂水,煤油等)。第二节 船体防腐(ship anticorrosion)一牺牲阳极的阴极保护(P 140)(阳极表面不得涂漆)二外加电流阴极保护(P 140)三涂漆防腐,1除锈(derusting)及旧漆面的处理1)除锈:(1)除锈工具(手动/电动 P 141)(2)除锈方法 机械除锈(大面积):
44、a风动或电动除锈机b水喷砂除锈(船厂坞修时对船壳和船底除锈) 手工除锈(小面积或死角)敲锈榔头,铲刀,钢丝刷,棉纱。 除锈注意事项:防护眼镜 间距 勿用力过猛2)旧漆面的处理(1)无锈破面时(2)无锈破底时(3)局部锈包时(4)新钢板和电焊部位时,2油漆(painting)1) 油漆成分(P 143144:主要成膜物质/次要成膜物质/辅助成膜物质)2) 船用油漆种类 (cf. 船员教材和“水手应知应会”) eg.船底漆(底漆:L44-1;防锈漆:L44-2;防污漆:L40-3 )(配套使用)L:成膜物质种类(沥青类); 44:基本名称(船底漆); 1:产品序号 3. 油漆的配套使用前后油漆应配
45、套,否则会影响后层附着力,从而开裂,粉化,影响防锈或 防污性能。以船底漆为例:1) 底漆:铝粉沥青底漆(L44-1)-防锈2)防锈漆:船底防锈漆(L44-2)- 防锈,隔绝底漆与防污漆3)防污漆:热带船底防污漆(L40-3)-防止海生物吸附于船壳油漆配套时应尽可能采用同种类的油漆(如首字母都为L,即都为沥青系 列)。如船上现存的油漆不是同种类的,应根据P 149表8-8,表8-9进行 配套(双圈为最佳)。,4. 油漆的调配 1)已有所需颜色的调和漆等成品漆:先倒置一到二天/用棍棒或电钻搅匀。(稠时可适量加入稀释剂,慎加催干剂。底漆防锈漆尽量勿加稀释剂,以免影响防锈效果。)2)无所需的成品漆,可
46、进行调配,如P 150,图-4-1(色圆)所示,如 红黄=橙色。 (1)须为同种油漆。(2) 先少量试配,再确定比例。(3) 大面积调配时应估算好用量,以免补调的颜色和前者不一致。 5. 油漆用量的估算(P 150-151四个公式)6. 涂刷工时估算(P 151)7. 油漆作业:(1)油漆工具:手涂/滚涂/喷涂工具(2)油漆作业:手涂/滚涂/喷涂,油漆作业注意事项:气温(5-25)三顺(顺水,顺纹,顺光,即上层建筑上下刷,船壳左右刷)稀稠适当(稠时可加适量稀释剂),忌流挂,花脸(刷子刮下,勿 蘸太多;均匀)作业顺序(先上后下;先难后易;先里后外)二度漆之间的时间间隔(面干,干透24;面、底漆各
47、需二度)作业后的工具保管:(短时间-浸水;长时间-稀释剂,洗净后再用肥皂水和清水洗),1-首缆(head line);2-尾缆(stern line); 3-前横缆(forward breast line); 4-后横缆(aft breast line); 5-前倒缆(fore spring line); 6-后倒缆(aft spring line),3) Safety calling (About navigation safety or important weather warning)On working channel (1) Securite (3 times)(2) Addres
48、s (3 times)(3) Identity (3 times)(4) Securite(5) Message(6) Out.,CHAPTER TWO JOINT INSPECTION I. The procedure of a voyage:1. Application for entry 进口申请(到港一周前,通过当地代理办理。内容:船舶 资料等。)ETA(7224 hours before arrival at the port)预报DTA(240 hours before arrival at the port)确报2.Report of entry for foreign-goin
49、g vessel 国际航行船舶进口报告内容:1)filling up the Ships particulars(填具船舶资料)2) submit(呈交 ):(1) “The report on articles restricted for use in port” ,1 copy;(港内禁用物品报告单,1 份)(2) “Crew List”, 4 copies;(3) “Passenger List-Inward and/or Through Passengers”, 4 copies; (入境或过境旅客名单,4份)(Not required if not carrying Passengers) (4) “Import Manifest” ,1 copy ;(进口载货清单一份);(5) “List of Specified Articles,Foreign Currencies, Gold,Silver Belonging to Ship and/or Members of Crew ”,1 copy;(船员自用和船舶备用物品,货币,金银清单)一份(来自中国港口免报),