1、非谓语动词 在英语语法中，掌握好动词的用法是最重要的，而非谓语动词又是动词中非常重要的一部分，由于它们内容多，有些用法相似，所以不好掌握，经常被混淆用错，下面通过列表比较的方式，分析非谓语动词的主要用法。非谓语动词和谓语动词的相对时间关系 非谓语动词 相对谓语动词的时间意义 例句 说明行为在谓语动词所表示的行为之后，多数是那些表愿望的词：want; hope; expect; wish 等。 I want to go home.I hope to see you. 一般式不定式 说明行为与谓语动词表示的行为同时发生，多数是那些省略不定式符号的词，一般是复合宾语。 I saw him come
2、in.He helped him (to) carry things. 表示动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发出。We enjoyed seeing the film.I am thinking of taking over the job. 在动词 insist on; rely on; count on(相信) 等后表示动作在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生。 He insisted on doing that work 一般式动名词 在有些明确表示时间先后的动词和介词 on; upon after 代替完成动名词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作先发生。 I remember seeing him b
3、efore.On arriving Beijing, he went to see his friend. 持续性动词 说明分词表示的动作和句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 He stood there speaking.Holding a book under his arm, he entered the room. 现在分词 终止性动词 说明分词表示的动作发生之后，句中谓语动词表示的动作立刻发生。 Entering the room, I found nobody in.Turning to the right, you will find the post office. 通常说明分词
4、表示的动作，此句中谓语动词表示的动作先发生。 Written in simple English, the book is easy to read.I cant find my lost pen. 一般式分词 过去分词 持续性动词说明分词表示的动作和句中谓语动词表示的动作并无先后。 He is a person well-known in this country. 代替完成式现在分词的被动语态。 Educated by the party, he became a brave fighter. 说明行为动词在谓语动词表示的行为动词之前发生。 Im sorry to have trouble
5、d you. He is said to have come here.He is thought to have done it.He is believed to have done it.He seemed to have known it. 在 wish, hope, expect, intend, mean, suppose 等动词过去时后，说明行为动词没有实现。 完成式不定式 We wished to have done this.I expected to have left by then.(=I had expected to heave by then.) 完成式动名词 说
6、明动名词表示的动作，此句中动词表示的动作先发生。 We regret having told you the news.After having finished his work, he went home. He denied having broke the glasses. 完成式分词 说明分词表示的动作，此句中谓语动词表示的动作先发生。多数表示一些瞬时间动词。如果是 hear; see 或表示位置转移的动词 arrive; leave; turn; open.不用完成时 Having finished his work, he went home.Sitting down with
7、him, we begun to discuss it.Hearing this, he rose and went to the door. 二非谓语动词的被动语态1. 非谓语动词被动语态的意义非谓语动词 意义和用法 例句 表示被动的意义The meeting is to be held next week.He wanted to be sent to the hard area. 不定式 有时主动形式表示被动的意义，同被动没什么区别，具有“应该” “值的”的意思。不定式是主语的承受者，但有时作某些形容词的宾语， 如：nice, easy, hard, difficult, fit, su
8、itable, good, heavy, comfortable, cheap 等。The box is not strong enough to stand this.Its too small to see.There is a lot of work to doThe house is to let at low rent.I am not to blame.Houses are still to seek.Much remains to do.The text is hard to learn. 表示被动的意义 He insisted on being sent to the hard
9、 area. 动名词 在动词 need, require 等的主动语态和形容词 worth 后, 表示被动的意义 My watch needs repairing.The book is worth reading. 现在分词 表示被动的意义 The building being built is a school.Not having been told, he didnt know where to start. 分词 过去分词 表示被动的意义 Heated, the metal expands. 2. 一般现在分词，完成的现在分词和过去分词表示被动意义的区别非谓语动词 意义和用法 例句
10、一般式现在分词含有具体的意义，说明和句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，一般是持续性动词The person being criticized is our monitor. 完成式分词 表示动作状态比句中谓语动作 先发生，一般是瞬间动词 Not having been told about it, I dont know how to do it. 过去分词具有一船的意义，强调事实，说明比句中谓语动词表示的动作先发生，有时同完成式的被动词态可互换。Given more time, (=Having been given) I can do it much better. 三非谓语动词的句法作用1
11、. 非谓语动词的句法作用一览表非谓语动词句子成分 不定式 动名词 分词 主语 直接宾语 短语动词宾语 宾语补语 介词宾语 宾语 形容词宾语 表语 定语 状语 同谓语 插入语 2. 非谓语动词作主语非谓语动词 意义和用法 例句 动词不定式表示比较具体的意义，经常和特定的动作和执行者联系起来，经常带时间或地点状语，有时表示将要发生的动作。 To master a foreign language is no easy job.To do it well is my earnest desireTo see this film is to waste time.To solve this probl
12、em is out of the question 不定式 动词不定式（短语）作主语时，常见的另一种形式是在句首用先行代词 it 作形式主语，而将动词不定式（短语）移到谓语之后作真正主语。用于这种形式是一些特定形容词，动词和名词 1)形容词作表语（常见的形容词有：important, difficult, easy hard possible）It is foolish to act in this way.It sounds reasonable to do it this way.It appears likely for them to arrive.2) 动词作谓语（常见的动词有：re
13、quire, cost, amuse, delight, irritate, annoyIt took much time to do this.It makes us excited to think about that.It needed hard work to finish the job.It does no good to say like that.It didnt occur to me to ask him to help me.3)名词作表语It seems a pity to waste them.It is a great pleasure to do thisIt
14、is a good idea to think this way. 动名词 动名词表求比较抽象（一般）和经常性的意义，有时可同不定式互换 Collecting stamps is a good hobby.Swimming is a best sport in summer.There is no telling what will happen.There is no denying the fact.There is no need informing him of it. 动名词短语作主语时，常见的另一种形式是在句首用先行代词 it 作形式主语面将动名词短语移至谓语之后作真实主语。用于这
15、种形式是一些特定形容词和名词 1)形容词作表语(常见的形容词有：enjoyable, good, hard, worthwhile)It is nice talking to you.Its foolish behaving like that.It is useless doing that2)名词作表语Its waste of time doing this. Its no good (use) doing that.Its an awful job doing this. Its fun doing thisIt is not an easy task doing this work.
16、3. 非谓语动词作宾语成分 非谓语动词 意义和用法 例句 不定式的逻辑主语一般同谓语动词的主语一致 I want to read a novel.用于该形式的常见的动词有：afford, agree, aim, apply, arrange, ask, choose, claim, decide, decline, demand, desire, determine, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, swear, threaten, wish.有时宾语省略不定式符号(常见的有：let fal
17、l, let pass, let go, let slip, d better, d rather, d soon, He made believe he was correct. 不定式 动词不定式（短语）作宾语时，如其后有补足语，则可以用先行语 it 作形式宾语，而将动词不定式（短语）后移作直接宾语 He found it necessary to work hard at English.用于该形式的常见的动词有：acknowledge, believe, consider, count, declare, deem, deny, esteem, fancy, feel, find, g
18、uess, imagine, judge, know, make, prove, realize, report, see, show, suppose, suspect, take(think), understand, think. 直接宾语 动名词 动名词的逻辑主语有时同谓语动词的主语不一致 Do you mind my smoking? 动名词（短语）作宾语时，如其后有补足语则可以用先行词 it 作形式宾语，而将动名词短语后移作直接宾语 We found it troublesome solving this problem.We consider it worthwhile spen
19、ding some time on this. 有一类动词后面必须跟动名词 We enjoyed staying there.常见的动词有：admit, abhor, acknowledge, advise, advocate, avoid, confess, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, discontinue, excuse, evade, fancy, finish, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep(on), mind, necessitate, pardon, postpone,
20、practise, renounce, resent, facilitate, favor, miss, resist. 有一类动词后面可跟动名词也可以跟不定式 1) 意义区别不大。He began learning (to learn) English at the age of five. 常见的动词有：start, like, hate, love, continue, prefer, commence, attempt, intend, propose, decline, endure, neglect, omit, recollect, recall, bear.2) 意义有区别a)
21、 remember doing sth 记住做过某事。remember to do sth 记住要做某事。b) forget doing sth 忘记做过某事。 forget to do sth 记住要做某事。c) regret doing sth 遗憾做过某事。 regret to do sth 遗憾要做某事。d) try doing sth 试着做某事。try to do sth 努力做某事。e) mean doing sth 意旨做某事。mean to do sth 打算做某事。f) stop doing sth 停止做某事。stop to do sth 停下来做某事。g) cant h
22、elp doing sth 忍不住做某事。 cant help to do sth 不能帮做某事。h) go on doing sth 继续做某事。 go on to do sth 接着做另一事。 动名词 这一类多是动词和小品词构成的短语 He insisted on doing that.常见的短语有：stand up, leave off, put off, give up, cant help(stand) 短语动词宾语 不定式 这一类多数是一些特定的用法。 He is about to leave. He did nothing but play.d rather do sth, d
23、better do sth, d like/love to do sth, 不定式 强调动作发生的事实、将要和应该做的事 We saw him come in. I asked him to help me. I helped him (to) learn English.He arranged for me to stay there.常见的动词有：1)省略不定式符号的动词：make, let, have, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, listen to, look at2)表示“致使”意义的动词：advice, cause, allow, ask,
24、 beg, drive, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell, trust, urge, want, warn3)表示心理状态的动词：consider, declare find, prove, think, know, believe, discover, feel, imagine, judge, suppose, understand.4)宾语宾补 动词时态和语态一、考点聚焦1、动词时态考查要点简述（1）一般现在时考点分析表示客观事实或普通
25、真理（不受时态限制）The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.Water boils at 100oC.表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。Ice feels cold.We always care for each other and help each other.表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe 、like、hate
26、、want、think 、belong seem 等。如：I know what you mean.Smith owns a car and a house.All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由 if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用 shall或 will 表“意愿” ，但不表示时态。If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会
27、，我的家人会非常高兴。少数用于表示起止的动词如 come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop 等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当 be 表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.Tomorrow is Wednesday.（2）一般过去时的考点分析（考核重点） 。一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示） ；用于表达过去的习惯；
28、表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如：I met her in the street yesterday.I once saw the famous star here.They never drank wine.I thought the film would be interesting, but it isnt.如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如：He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：
29、but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.He bought a watch but lost it.常用一般过去时的句型：Why didnt you / I think of that?I didnt notice it.I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.I didnt recognize him.（
30、3）一般将来时考点分析。表示未来的动作或状态常用 will / shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如 tomorrow、next week 等） 。表示一种趋向或习惯动作。Well die without air or water.表示趋向行为的动词如 come、go、start 、begin、leave 等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。be going to 与 will / shall, be to do, be about to do 用法及区别：be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall / will
31、 do 表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而 will 则能，表意愿。如：If it is fine, well go fishing.(正确)If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon.be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要 ”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。Au
32、tumn harvest is about to start.（4）现在进行时考点分析。表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go、come 等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如：It is raining now.He is teaching English and learning Chinese.I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.We are leaving on Friday.At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the baby before six.)T
33、he girl is always talking loud in public.(与 always、often 等频度副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩 )下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。 （A ）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。 （B）表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。 （C ）表示一时性动作的动词： allow, accept, permit
34、, promise, admit, complete。 （D）表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。（5）过去完成时考点分析（考核重点） 。常用过去完成时的几种情况：（A ）在 by、by the end、by the time、until 、before、since 后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the stat
35、ion. (B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用 had hoped / planned / meant / intended/though / wanted / expected 等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned + to have done。 （C）“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school
36、3 years ago.（D ）表示“一就”的几个句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.在 before 或 after 引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.We
37、 arrived home before it snowed.（6）过去将来时考点分析。参照一般将来时对比：用 would do、was / were going to do sth.表过去将来；come 、go、leave 等过去进行时表过去将来时；was / were to do sth. 和 was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。（7）过去进行时考点分析。过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由 when 或 while 引导的时间状语从句中。（8）现在完成时考点分析。现在完成时除可以和 for、sin
38、ce 引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用： during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years 等。下列句型中常用现在完成时It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since 从句This(That / It)is the first(second)time that + 完成时This(That / It)is the only + that + 完成时This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting + that
39、从句 + 完成时在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如：I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.（9）注意几组时态的区别：一般过去时与现在完成时：时间上有差异：凡有过去时间的均用过去时态，不能用完成时态，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day 等。结果上有
40、差异：现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去” ，和现在毫无关系。过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去” ；如出现同一主语连续几个动作（“连谓” ）形式则只用一般过去时即可。2、被动语态考查要点简述被动语态的构成方式：be + 过去分词，口语只也有用 get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态（by 短语有时可以省略） 。（1）使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。My fr
41、iend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变） ；（作补语的）不定式前需加 to。The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day long(by the boss)短语动词变被动语态时
42、，勿要掉“尾巴” 。The children were taken good care of (by her).Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.情态动词和 be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better 等结构变被动语态，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为 be +过去分词。当句子的谓语为 say、believe、expect、think、know 、write、consider、report 等时，被动语态有两种形式：（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词
43、不定式作主补。 （B）用 it 作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如：People say he is a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.He is said to be a smart boy.People know paper was made in China first.It is known that paper was made in China first.Paper was known to be made in China first.类似句型有：It is said / known / sug
44、gested / believed / hoped/ thought that （2）不能用被动语态的几种情况。所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。表示状态的谓语动词，如：last、hold 、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。表示归属的动词，如 have、own 、belong to 等。表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate 等。宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。宾语是同源宾语，不定式、动名词等谓语动词不
45、用被动语态。有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有 sell、write、wash、open、lock等。（3）主动形式表被动意义。当 feel、look、smell、taste、sound 等后面接形容词时；当 cut、read 、sell、wear、write 等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。These novels wont sell well.这些小说不畅销。My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。The door
46、 wont lock.门锁不上。The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。当 break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out 等动词表示 “发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。The plan worked out successfully.The lamps on the wall turn off.want, require, need 后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。be worth doing 用主动形式表示被动含义。在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。This kind of wat
47、er isnt fit to drink.The girl isnt easy to get along with.另外：be to blame( 受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。（4）被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。be seated 坐着He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。be hidden 躲藏He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。be lost 迷路be drunk 喝醉be d
48、ressed 穿着The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.（5）被动语态与系表结构的区别被动语态强调动作；系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如：The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)The book is well sold.(系表结构)二、经典名题导解选择填空1. Visitors _not to touch the exhibits.(NMET 2001)A. will request B. are requested C. are requesting D. request解析：答案为 B。此题
49、的时态是不难判断的，因为说的是一条规定，所以用一般现在时，而 visitor 与 request之间是动宾关系，即 request visitors not to touch the exhibits,究竟是谁要求他们这样做呢？不清楚，也不必知道，因此需要用被动语态。分析 visitors 与 request 之间的关系是此题的解题关键。2. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _ so rapidly.(NMET 2001)A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change解析：答案为 A。此题考查现在进行时态的用法。句意为“选择一部移动电话不
