1、河南省专升本英语语法解析非 谓 语 动 词非谓语动词:不能作谓语的动词形式，可以作除谓语动词外的任何成分，即主谓宾表定状补。三种基本形式：doing, done, to doDoing:一、作主语1.doing 作主语,位于句首，谓语动词用单数形式。 doing 表示经常性、习惯性的动作。Climbing mountains is a good way to keep fit.(保持健康)主 系Walking dog is his hobby.主 系2.当 doing 作主语太长时，用 it 作形式主语代替 doing 放在句首，doing 放在句尾。 （避免头重脚轻）Crying over
2、the spilt milk is no use.主 It is no use crying over the spilt milk.形式主语 真正主语固定句型：1. It is no use / no good / useless / senseless doing2. It is worth doing sth3. It is a waste of time doing4. It is fun / enjoyable / pleasant /a good pleasure doing例：Its no use _ with him since he has made up his mind.
3、 (2010)A. to argue B. arguing C. to be argued D. argued二、作宾语1.动词 + doingconsider(考虑 ), suggest(建议), look forward to(盼), excuse(原谅), admit(承认 ), delay/put off(推迟), 得,fancy(想象)，avoid(避免), miss(错过), keep(继续), practice(练), deny(否认), finish(完成), 就, enjoy/appreciate(欣赏),forbid(禁止), imagine(想象),才, risk(冒险)
4、, stand(忍受), mind(介意), allow/permit(准), escape(逃亡).固定搭配：1. advise / forbid / allow, permit + doing sth建议 禁止 两允许 sb to do sth2. need/want/require + doing 需要 to be done例：He enjoys _ pop music while I prefer classical music. (2010)A. to listen to B. to listen C. listening D. listening to The garden req
5、uires_ . (2009)A. watering B. being watered C. to water D. having wateredI appreciate_ to your birthday party. (2003)A. to be invited B. to have invited C. having invited D. being invitedI dont mind_ out for a walk in such a bad weather. (2006)A. go B. to go C. going D. goneI dont mind _ in the offi
6、ce.A. to smoke B. smoked C. his smoking D. smokes注：1.doing 的被动形式：being done ( 第 3 题只有被动的含义 )2.doing 的复合结构：在 doing 前面加 形容词性物主代词： his smoking名词所有格： Toms smoking代词的宾格形式(口语)：him smoking(doing 动作的发出者)如果 his smoking 与 him smoking 同时出现，选择更加正式的 his smoking.3.doing 的否定形式：紧挨着 doing 前加 not : not doing例 1：Im so
7、rry for not being there.例 2：No one can avoid_ by advertisements. (2008)A. influenced B. influencing C. to influence D. being influencedWhat is the reason for _ on time? (2012)A. not your coming B. you not come C. your not coming D. you not to come2.作介词宾语（所有的介词后跟动词的-ing 形式）介词：at, for, against, on, by
8、, to, (in)to 为介词的短语：（ to doing）be/get used to = be accustomed to 习惯于 get down to 开始做pay attention to 关注 contribute to 有助于devote oneself to 投身于 be addicted to 沉溺于look forward to 盼望 object to 反对stick to 坚持 lead to 导致the key to 的关键 confess to 坦白prefer 的用法：prefer + doing (长期的动作)to do (一次性的动作)prefer to d
9、o A rather than do B = prefer doing A to doing B 宁愿做 A 而不愿做B例：I prefer walking_. (2007)A. to drive B. to driving C. than drive D. than driving省略介词 in 的短语：sb spend 时间 (in) doing sth 花（时间）做sb be busy (in) doing sth 忙于sb have trouble/difficulty/a problem/a hard time (in) doing sth 做有困难There is no point
10、 (in) doing 做是没有用的。sb lose no time (in) doing sth 不失时机做succeed in doing 成功做(in 不可省略)例：As a lawyer he spent a lot of time_ investigations. (2006)A. conducted B. to conduct C. conduct D. conductingThere is no_ arguing about it, just do as you are told. (2005)A. reason B. way C. point D. meaning3.既跟 do
11、ing 又跟 to do 的词：用法相同： start/begin doingto do用法不同：a. love/like/hate + doing (长期的动作)to do (一次性的动作)b. forget doing 忘记已经做过某事(失忆)to do 忘记去做某事(健忘)remember doing 记得曾经做过某事to do 记住要做某事regret doing 后悔做过某事to do 遗憾要去做某事c. stop doing 停止正在做的事to do 停下来做另一件事go on doing 继续做同一件事to do 接着做另一件事d. try doing 尝试着做某事to do 努
12、力做某事mean doing 意味着做某事to do 打算做某事cant help doing 情不自禁做某事(to) do 不能帮助做某事e. feel like doing 想做某事would like to do 想做某事三、作表语doing 作表语，对主语进行解释说明或表示主语的特征。例：My aunts job is laying eggs. (主语等于表语)The music sounds exciting. (doing 表主语的特征，译为 “令人的”)四、作定语1.doing 作定语，放在名词前，表示该名词的用途，或 doing 的动作由该名词发出。dining room (餐
13、厅) reading room (阅览室) walking stick (手杖)boiling water (正沸腾的水 ) sleeping baby (正在睡觉的婴儿) developing country (发展中国家)2.doing 作定语，放在名词前，表示该名词的一种客观状态，译为： “令人的”exciting, boring, tiring, puzzling, confusing, moving例： an exciting voice 一个令人兴奋的声音a puzzling expression 一个令人困惑的表情 囧a moving movie 一部令人感动的电影doing 作
14、表语 The movie is moving.3.doing 短语作定语，放在名词后，表示该名词与 doing 构成主动进行的关系。The girl is my ex. The girl wears a pink hat. The girl wearing a pink hat is my ex.They live in a mansion.(豪宅) The mansion faces north. They live in a mansion facing north.The man is Baldhead Strong. The man is being beaten. The man b
15、eing beaten is Baldhead Strong.注：being done 作定语时：表示“正在被”五、作状语1.doing 作状语，句子中有“， ”表示主句主语与非谓语动词构成主动进行的关系。考题形式： 非 ，SVO. SVO, 非 . 主语 S 与非谓 doing 构成主动进行的关系。S, 非 ,VO. (With)+名词 非，SVO. 名词与非谓 doing 构成主动进行的关系。注：形式被称为独立主格结构。例 1：Weather permitting(允许), we will visit you tomorrow.例 2：_ in Beijing, he was met by
16、 his good friend.A. He arrived B. Arriving C. Being arrived D. ArrivedHe lived in Beijing, _ as a writer.A. worked B. being worked C. working D. workMy uncle, _ in Beijing, is a doctor.A. he lives B. living C. being lived D. livedThe day _ hot, we decided to go swimming.A. was B. being C. been D. be
17、2.doing 与 having done 的区别：两者都表示主动，但是 having done 强调非谓语动作明显先于主句谓语动词动作发生。例：_dinner, he went to the restroom.A. Had B. Having C. Having had D. To have_several times, the dog died at last.A. Deserting B. To desert C. Having deserted D. Having been deserted注：doing 的被动形式为 being done, 作状语时表示：“正在被”doing 的完成
18、形式：having done( 主动)doing 的被动完成形式：having been done六、作补足语（见非谓语总结）Done：过去分词（done 不作主语，宾语）一、作表语done 作表语，主语通常是人，done 表达一种主观感受，译为： “感到的”，此时 done 相当于 adj.excited, bored, tired, confused, annoyed例：The movie is boring, so I feel bored. (bore)I am tired of the tiring work. (tire)二、作定语1.单个过去分词作定语时，位于名词前，表示已经完成
19、的动作或状态。boiled water 开好的水 fallen leaves 已经落下的叶子boiling water 正沸腾的水 falling leaves 正在落下的叶子developed country 发达国家developing country 发展中国家2.done 的短语作定语时，位于名词后，表示该名词与非谓语动词之间构成被动完成的关系。考题形式：名词 非 VO. 或 SVO 非 .例：The first textbook_ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. (201
20、3)A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. writtenIve never seen the young man_ next to the director. (2006)A. sits B. sat C. sitting D. to sitDavid sent his girlfriend a ring_ by his grandmother for all her life. A. have kept B. kept C. has kept D. has been kept (2013)三、作状语1.done 作状语，
21、句子中有“ ， ”表示主句主语与非谓语动词构成被动完成的关系。考题形式： 非 ，SVO. SVO, 非 . 主语 S 与非谓 doing 构成被动完成的关系。S, 非 ,VO. (With)+名词 非，SVO. 名词与非谓 doing 构成被动完成的关系。例：_ the park, we found it beautiful.A. See B. Seeing C. Seen D. SawThe teacher came into the lab, _ by some students.A. following B. followed C. follow D. having followedTh
22、e park, _ from the building, is very beautiful.A. See B. Seeing C. Seen D. SawWith the hard work _, he went to bed.A. finishing B. having finished C. finished D. finishes2.done 与 having been done 的区别：两者都表示被动，但是 having been done 强调非谓语动作明显先于主句谓语动词动作发生。例：A new technique_ , the output as a whole increas
23、ed by 20 percent. (2012)A. working out B. having worked out C. to have been worked out D. having been worked out_ many times, he still repeated the same mistake.A. Told B. Being told C. Having been told D. Having told一个知识点：compare A with B 变被动 A is compared with B 所以 A 与 compare 为被动关系。Compared with
24、B, A同理的还有：Covered with B, A四、作补足语（见非谓语的总结）To do: 不定式一、作主语1. to do 作主语，位于句首，谓语动词用单数，表示一次性具体的动作。例： To finish so much work in a short time is impossible.2.当 to do 作主语太长时，用 it 作形式主语代替 to do 放句首，真正的主语 to do 放句尾。 （避免头重脚轻）例： It is impossible to finish so much work in a short time.固定句型1. It takes sb + 时间 +
25、to do sth. “花费某人多长时间做某事 ”例：It took him ten years to learn English.2. It is + adj. + for sb to do sth. “对于某人来说，做 是的”此类 adj.有：important, possible, difficult(hard), necessary, interesting, easy其中 adj.是形容 to do sth.的。例：It is easy for me to learn English.3. It is + adj. + of sb to do sth. “某人做某事是的”此类 adj
26、.有：wise, polite, kind, clever, honest其中 adj.是形容 sb 的。例：It is very kind of you to teach me how to play Plants VS Zombies.二、作宾语1.动词 + to dodecide/determine(决心), learn(学会), want(想), expect/hope/wish(希望), refuse(拒绝), manage(设法), demand(要), pretend(假装), promise(答应), offer(提供), choose( 选), plan(计划),agree(
27、同意), ask/beg(请求), help( 帮一帮).注：help (to) do wish to do hope to dohelp sb (to) do wish sb to do hope sb to do ()例：I couldnt understand why he pretended_ in the garden. (2006)A. not to see me B. not see me C. to see me not D. to see not meWhen his mother came into the room, the boy pretended_ books.A.
28、 to read B. reading C. being read D. to be reading注： to do 的否定形式：not to doto do 的进行式：to be doing,表示谓语动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行。2. it 作形式宾语，把真正的宾语 to do 放在句尾。（在英语中，有且只有 it 可以充当形式宾语/形式主语）结构：主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补主 + 谓 + it + 宾补 + to do例: I consider to obey the laws important.I consider it important to obey the laws.注：
29、此类常见的动词有：believe, consider, find, regard3.作介词宾语“do 巴 do”原则当介词 but, except, besides 前有实义动词 do(译为“做”) ，后无 to；前无 do, 后有 to.以 but 为例： 有 do + but do无 do + but to do例：The departure time of the plane has been postponed, so we have nothing to do now but_ . (2006)A. wait B. to be waiting C. to wait D. waitin
30、gThat was so serious a matter that I had no choice but _ the police. (2010)A. called in B. calling in C. call in D. to call in 4.固定句型：had better (not) do sth. 最好（不）干Why not + do(动原) 为什么不？sb happen to do 某人碰巧would rather (not) do 宁愿做would rather do A than do B = would do A rather than do B平行结构 rather
31、 than : to do rather than (to) do例：I decided to write rather than make a phone call.5. 疑问词 + to do 也可作宾语疑问代词：what, which, whom疑问副词：how, where, when, why例：I dont know what to do. 注：疑问代词中 to do 的 do 为 vt./vi. + 介词疑问副词中 to do 的 do 为 vi.例：I dont know whom _ .A. work B. to work C. working D. to work with
32、I dont know what to do. what 与 to do 为动宾关系，即：to do whatI dont know whom to work with. whom 与 to work with 为动宾关系，即：to work with whom三、作表语to do 作表语，表示一次性具体的动作。doing 作表语，表示经常性抽象的动作。His job is to paint the walls. 他这次的工作是刷这些墙。His job is painting walls. 他平时的工作是刷墙。四、作定语1.to do 与 to do 前所修饰的名词构成动宾关系。例：I hav
33、e a lot of work to do. a lot of work 与 to do 为动宾关系，即：to do a lot of workThe Browns have a house to live in. a house 与 to live in 为动宾关系，即： to live in a house2. to do 表将来，与所修饰名词构成将来被动的关系。形式为： to be done例：The meeting _ tomorrow is very important.A. to hold B. held C. holding D. to be heldIf the buildin
34、g project_ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined. (2007)A. being completed B. is completed C. to be completed D. completed3. 由 the first/secondthe last, the best, the only, the next 修饰的名词，后跟不定式作定语。例：He was the first one to come and the last one to leave.五、作状语1.t
35、o do 不定式作状语，有将来意味，表目的或结果。例：_ a seat, he got up early.A. Grabbing B. To grab C. To be grabbed D. Having grabbedHe hurried to the hospital, only _ his father had just died. (2010)A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told注：only to do 表示出乎意料的结果。类似的有：only to find/noticeonly to be told/informed2.固定搭配 主
36、+ 谓 + too + adj./adv.(原形) + to do “太而不能”例：Im too tired to stay up longer.主 + 谓 + adj./adv.(原级 ) + enough to do “足够可以”例 1：He is old enough to go to school.例 2：He is _ join the army. (2010)A. too young to B. enough young to C. very young to D. young enough to in order to do = so as to do(句中，句首) (句中)例：
37、Bob took down my telephone number in order not to forget it. 六、作补足语（见非谓语的总结）非 谓 语 的 总 结一 作状语doing (主动进行) having done (主动，该动作明显先于谓语动词 )done (被动完成) having been done (被动，该动作明显先于谓语动词)考题形式：(有“ ， ”出现) 非 ，SVO. SVO, 非 . 主语 S 与非谓 doing 的主被动关系S, 非 ,VO. 或 doing 与谓语动词的动作先后(With)+名词 非，SVO. 名词与非谓 doing 的主被动关系。2.t
38、o doto do 不定式作状语，有将来意味，表目的或结果。only to find/notice only to be told/informed固搭：tooto enough to do in order to do = so as to do3.补：插入语作状语Generally speaking (一般来说), Frankly speaking = To be frank (坦白地说),To be honest = To tell (you) the truth (说实话), Believe it or not (信不信由你),Judging from/by (根据来判断), Give
39、n (考虑到，鉴于), Provided (that) = Providing (that) (如果，假如)Compared to/with (与 相比)4.补：There be 句型的非谓语形式为 There being例：_ nothing to talk about, he said good-bye and went out of the room. A. There was B. There being C. Being D. There been (2005)二、作补足语1.作主语补足语主动：to do 主动将来sb/sth be said / reported / believe
40、d / known / considered to have done 已发生被动：to be done 被动将来be have been done 已发生的被动此句型相当于：It is said / reported / believed / known / considered that + 句子(主语从句)例：He is said_ two trips to China in the last two years. (2002)A. to be making B. to make C. to have made D. to have been makingMany of his nove
41、ls are reported_ into several foreign languages last year. (2006)A. to be translated B. to translate C. being translated D. to have been translated2.作宾语补足语感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, hear 的宾补：以 see 为例： doing sth 看见正在做see + 宾语 + do sth 看见做了(动作的全过程)done 看见被做注：see + 宾语 + do 结构为主动，变被动时，要将 do 变为 to
42、 do:例： We heard him sing this song in that room.He was heard to sing this song in that room.使役动词 make, let, have, getmake + 宾 + do 让做done 让被做let + 宾 + do 让做be done 让被做have + 宾 + do 让做done 让被做doing 让一直做get + 宾 + to do 让做done 让被做doing 让开始做注：find + 宾 + doing 发现正在做done 发现被keep + 宾 + doing 让一直做done 让被lea
43、ve + 宾 + to do 留下去做doing 留下一直做catch sb doing sth 撞见某人正在做某事例：His English was so poor that he found it difficult to make himself_. (2006)A. understood B. understand C. be understood D. to understandAre you going downtown this afternoon? I am going to have these letters_. A. mailed B. mail C. to mail D
44、. mailing (2009)When the little girl awoke, she found herself _ by a group of soldiers. (2010)A. surround B. be surrounded C. being surrounded D. being surroundingI had a lot of trouble_ the car_ this morning. (2002)A. to get, started B. to get, starting C. getting, started D. getting, starting固定句型：
45、主 + find + n. + adj. + to do 为 vt. / vi. + 介词I find English hard to learn.主 + be + adj. + to doEnglish is easy to learn.例：They found the lecture hard_ . (2009)A. to understand B. to be understood C. being understood D. understood定 语 从 句定语的位置：1.形容词作定语前置：形容词+名词2.短语或句子作定语后置：名词+短语/ 句子（定语从句）She is the gi
46、rl. The girl lives next door. She is the girl living next door.who lives next door. 关系词一、定义：在英语句子中，用于限定名词或代词的句子，叫做定语从句。二、构成： 先行词+关系词+定语从句（一般情况下，三者紧挨着，顺序不可变）例：She is the girl who lives next door.先行词 关系词 定语从句注：1.被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。2.关系词指代先行词，两者为同一事物。三、关系词主 宾 定语关系代词：指人 who/that whom/that whose指物 which/that
47、 which /that whose关系副词：作状语，先行词为 时间 when地点 where原因 why(reason)注：关系词的选择当从句缺少成分（主、宾、表）时，用关系代词。当从句不缺少成分时，用关系副词。判断缺不缺成分以“ 五大基本句型 ”为标准。例：Is this the factory B he worked last year?I like the place C E I visited three years ago.He is the star D E we love.A. when B. where C. which D. whom E. that四、如何找定语从句：从_后开始找，如果有一个谓语动词，_后都是从句。如果有两个谓语动词，_与第二个谓语动词之间的为从句。例：The girl B E my father is talking to is my girl friend.The work A E has just been finished is very important.Ill never forget the day C we first met eac
