1、中学英语基本句型与句子成分分析I.五种基本句型句子由主语和谓语两大部分组成。主语结构比较单一，谓语结构则不然，不同类别的谓语动词导致不同的谓语结构，从而形成了不同的句型(Sentence Pattern)。换句话说，不同的句型是由不同类别的谓语动词所决定的，因此，句型又被称为动词句型(Verb Pattern)。语法家们对句型的分类不尽相同，一般认为，现代英语的基本句型主要有五种：1.“主-系-表”(SLP) 句型：谓语动词是以 be 为主的连系动词 (Linking Verb)，后面接表语如：These oranges are fresh. 这些桔子很新鲜。Mary is a student
2、 / here /in the room. 玛丽是个学生/ 在这儿/在房间里。2.“主-谓”(SV)句型：（谓语是不及物动词）This bread wont keep (for a long time). 这种面包不好(长期)存放。Tom has left. They are staying in a hotel. 他们暂住在一家旅馆里。3.“主-谓-宾”(SVO)句型：谓语动词为只带一个宾语的及物动词，这种动词被称为单宾语及物动词(Monotransitive Verb)，如：He kept the money. 他保存着这些钱。They have left the hotel. 他们已经离
3、开了那家旅馆。The train leaves London at nine. 这列火车九点钟驶离伦敦。4.“主-谓-间宾-直宾”(SVOiId) 句型：He kept me a dictionary. 他为我保存了一本词典。Shall I leave you the camera? 要我把照相机留给你吗?5.“主-谓-宾-补”(SVOC)句型：She kept a notebook handy. 她手头上随时有个笔记本。His illness left him weak. 他的疾病使他身体虚弱。指出下列句型：1. The pain drove me mad. 2. Her explanati
4、on sounds crazy.3. She threw him a kiss. 4. Time flies.5. The cat caught the little mouse.6. Many people consider the astronaut a great hero.7. He has grown very old. 8. Mike is healthy.9. Architects design buildings. 10. She offered me some cake.II.八种句子成分英语句子与汉语句子一样，都是由单词按照一定的规则所组成的。什么是句子成分? 英语句子包含
5、哪些成分 ? 组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。1.主语：是句子要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词等充当。如：The car is running fast.(名词 ) We are students.(代词)One of my classmates is from Shanghai.(数词)To see is to believe. Its bad manners to spit in public.(不定式)Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词)2.
6、谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，也是句子的主体部分，一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略 to 的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如：He works in a factory.(实义动词) I felt cold.(系动词+表语)How can I get to the station?(情态动词+实义动词)Do you speak English?(助动词+实义动词)They are working in a field.(助动词+实义动词)【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。
7、3.宾语：是及物动词所涉及的对象，一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。He is doing his homework.(名词) They did nothing this morning.(代词)She wants to go home.(不定式) We enjoy playing football.(动名词)【注意】有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass ， tell，leave 等。如：He bought me a book. Pass me the ball，will you?(间宾+直宾)直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后
8、，但若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如 to 或 for 等。如：Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直宾+ 间宾)Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾+间宾)有的动词常用不定式作宾语，而不能用动名词。这类动词有：want ，wish ， hope，promise，decide ，agree ， choose，care 等。如：I hope to see you again.有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。这类动词有：enjoy，finish，mind，practise，miss， s
9、uggest，keep(on) 等。如：Do you mind my opening the window?4.定语：用于修饰名词或代词，一般由形容词、名词、数词、不定式等充当。如：What a beautiful kite it is!(形容词) She is a chemistry teacher.(名词)There are two students in the classroom.(数词)We have something to do tomorrow.(不定式)The man in blue is my brother.(介词短语)【注意】定语一般位于被修饰词之前，但若修饰不定代词或
10、不定式等短语作定语，则放在后面。5.状语：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式短语或从句充当。单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或从句放在句首或句末。如：Thank you very much.(副词)I get up at five in the morning.(介词短语)He is studying hard so as to catch up with others.(不定式短语)We were having breakfast when the telephone rang.(从句)【注意】enough 作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。如：He is ol
11、d enough to go to school.6. 表语：用于说明主语的身份、特征或感受，一般由名词、数词、形容词、分词等充当。常用的连系动词有：be，look，get，sound( 听起来)，feel，become， smell，turn ，taste(尝起来)等。如：They are workers.(名词) Two and three is five.(数词)The story is very interesting.(形容词) M y job(工作)is teaching English.(动名词)She is at home.(介词短语) The dish tastes deli
12、cious.(形容词7. 宾语补足语：用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make 等。 “宾补” 一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词当。We elected him monitor.(名词) I found it difficult to learn English well.(形容词)The doctor told me to do more exercise.(不定式短语)He is going to have his hair cut.(过去分
13、词)They saw a bird flying in the sky.(现在分词)8. 同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分;We students should study hard. / (students 是 we 的同位语，都是指同一批学生）We all are students. / (all 是 we 的同位语，都指同样的我们划分下列句子成分：1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3.
14、 He brought you a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。4 The terrible sound made the children frightened.5 She is listening to someone telling stories. 6 The boys were watching the soldiers drilling. 7 I have never seen the word used that way before. 8 He felt it very difficult to talk with you. 9 I think it more
15、 comfortable to go there by ship.10 I hope(that)everything is all right.11 What I want to do is (to )tell you the truth.12 The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。13. The boy needs a pen to do his homework14.The teacher ask the students to close the windows.15.That he suddenly fell ill last week surprised us all.16.The book he bought yesterday is very interesting.17.The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany18.Climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。
