1、1第一章英文原文：International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories.注释：exchange: 交换，汇兑 (另外常用的一个短语：foreign exchange: 外汇)border: 边(界, 缘, 境); 界线 territory: 领土, 领地, 版图, 地区, 活动范围中文意思：国际贸易是指跨越各国国境或领土的资本、货物和服务的交换活动。2、国际贸易重要性的表现英文原文：In most countries, it
2、represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP).注释：represent: 表现, 表示, 描绘, 讲述, 代表, 象征 significant: 重要的, 重大的, 值得注意的 share: 份额 gross domestic product: 国内生产总值中文意思：在大多数国家，国际贸易占国内生产总值很大的比重。英文原文：While international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and
3、political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.注释：throughout: 遍及，贯穿 economic: 经济(上)的，经济学的 social: 社会的，社会上的 political: 政治上的，政治的 importance: 重要(性)，重要方面(意义)on the rise: 在上涨，在增长 recent: 近来的 century: 世纪中文意思：国际贸易在整个历史发展过程中也得到了体现，国际贸易在经济、社会、政治等方面的重要性在近几个世纪的发展中不断增长。英文原文：Industrialization, adv
4、anced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system.注释：industrialization: 工业化，产业化 advanced transportation: 先进的运输 globalization: 全球化 multinational corporation: 跨(多)国公司 (multinational: 多国的，跨国的)outsourcing: 商 外
5、部采办，外购，外包 major: 较大的，主要的 impact on: 对冲击，碰撞;影响 international trade system: 国际贸易体系中文意思：工业化、先进的运输、全球化、跨国公司和外包服务等方面的发展对国际贸易体系都产生了较大的影响。英文原文：Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization.注释：increasing(increase): 使(体积, 数量, 强度, 程度, 力量等)增大或增长 be crucial to (sty): 对来说是至关重要的(cr
6、ucial: 决定性的, 重要的, 严厉的)continuance：继续, 停留, 持续中文意思：国际贸易增长对全球化的持续发展是至关重要的。英文原文：International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders.注释：
7、source: 来源，根源 economic revenue: 经济收入(revenue: 收入，收益，税收)be considered: 被看作是，被认为是(consider: 认为，考虑)world power: 世界强国 be limited to: 局限于，被限制在上 produce: 生产，制造中文意思：对于任何一个称为世界强国的国家来说，国际贸易是其经济收入的主要来源。没有国际贸易，该国的经济将仅限于本国境内的货物和服务的生产制造。1、成本差异2英文原文：International trade is typically more costly than domestic trade
8、. The reason is that crossing a national border typically involves additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays, and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system, or a different culture.注释：typically: (typical) 代表性地，典型地 costly: (cost) 昂贵的, 代价(费用)高的
9、, 费用大的 domestic trade：国内贸易 national border: 国界 involve: 包括, 使陷于,卷入，涉及 additional: 附加的，另外的 tariff: 关税 due to: 由于 delay: 耽搁，延迟 associate with: 与联系在一起，联合 difference: 差异 legal system: 法律制度，法律体系中文意思：国际贸易中的成本通常会明显高于国内贸易。原因是国际贸易通过一个国境时通常会产生附加的成本，比如关税，边境延误产生的时间成本，以及由于国与国之间语言、法律体制或者文化等方面的差异所产生的成本。2、生产要素差异英文原
10、文：Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across national borders.注释：factors of production: 生产要素 capital and labor: 资本和劳动力 mobile: 移动的，流动的中文意思：国内贸易与国际贸易的另一个差异在于生产要素的流动，比如资本和劳动力
11、在一国国内的流动比跨越国境的流动要容易得多。英文原文：Thus, international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services.注释：mostly: (most) 主要地 be restricted to: 仅限于，限制在 (restrict: 限制，约束)中文意思：如此一来，国际贸易主要限于货物和服务的交易。英文原文：Then, trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. In
12、stead of importing the factor of production, a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of production and are thus embodying the respective factor.注释：serve as: 被用作., 充当., 起.的作用 substitute: 代替品，代替物 instead of: 代替，而不是 intensive: 密集的，精深的，加强的 embodying (embody): 体现，包括，包含 respective
13、: 各自的，分别的中文意思：那么，货物与服务的贸易可替代生产要素的贸易。一国可进口生产要素密集型的货物，这一货物分别包含了各生产要素，而不用进口生产要素。英文原文：An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing labor, the United States is importing goods from China that were produced with Chinese labor.注释：an example: 举例，例子
14、labor-intensive: 劳动密集型的 United States: 美国中文意思：例如美国从中国进口劳动密集型的货物。美国从中国进口的是用中国劳动力生产的货物而不是进口劳动力。3、国际经济的命脉3英文原文：International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.注释：branch: 分支，支系 together with: 和，加之;共同，一起 int
15、ernational finance: 国际金融 form: 构成，形成，组成中文意思：国际贸易是经济的一条命脉，它与国际金融共同构成了国际经济更大的命脉。三、国际贸易的风险 国际贸易主要包括了两个方面的风险：经济风险和政治风险。1、经济风险英文原文：Economic risks include the risk of insolvency of the buyer; the risk of the failure of the buyer to pay the amount due within six months after the due date; the risk of non-a
16、cceptance; the risk of exchange rate, and so on.注释：include: 包括，包含 insolvency: 无力偿还，破产 failure: 失败，无支付能力 amount: 金额，款额 due: 到期的，应付的 non-acceptance: 不接受, 不兑现, 拒绝承兑 exchange rate: 外汇汇率，外汇汇价中文意思：经济风险包括：买方破产;买方到期日后六个月内不支付应付款额;拒绝承兑;外汇风险等。2、政治风险英文原文：Political risks include the risk of cancellation or non-r
17、enewal of export or import licenses; war risks; risk of expropriation or confiscation of the importers company; risk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goods; transfer risk imposition of exchange controls by the importers country or foreign currency shortages; and influence
18、 of political parties on an importers company.注释：cancellation: 注销，作废，取消 non-renewal ：不更换 license: 许可(证)，执照 expropriation: 征用, 收用, 征收 confiscation: 没收, 充公, 征用 importer: 进口商，输入者 imposition: 强迫接受，征税，负担 import ban: 进口禁令(ban: 禁令)shipment: 装船，装运 transfer risk: 转让风险(transfer: 交付，转让(财产等)exchange controls: 外
19、汇管制 foreign currency ：外币 shortage: 缺乏，不足influence: 影响力, 权力, 势力 political parties: 政党中文意思：政治风险主要包括：取消或不更换出口或进口许可证;战争风险;进口商公司被征用或者充公;货物装船后强制实施进口禁令;转让风险进口商所在国家采取的强制性的外汇管制或者外币紧缺;以及该国政党对进口商公司的影响。1、世贸组织的简单介绍英文原文：The World Trade Organization is best described as an umbrella organization under which the agr
20、eements that came out of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations are gathered.注释：World Trade Organization (WTO): 世界贸易组织 be described as: 被描述为(describe: 描述，形容)umbrella organization: 联盟组织，各种团体联合在一起的组织(umbrella: 通常为名词，雨伞;在这里作为形容词理解“包罗万象的”;organization: 组织，机构)agreement: 契约, 协议, 协定 came out
21、of (come out of): 由产生，从出来 Uruguay Round：乌拉圭回合 multilateral trade negotiations: 多边贸易谈4判(multilateral: 多边的，多国的;negotiation: 谈判，磋商)gather: 聚集，集合，收集中文意思：准确地说世界贸易组织是一个联盟性的组织，联盟内的各项协定都是经乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判共同达成。英文原文：Additionally, the WTO is to cooperate with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in or
22、der to achieve coherence in global economic policy making.(附属功能)注释：additionally: 此外 cooperate with: 与合作 the International Monetary Fund: 国际货币基金组织 the World Bank: 世界银行 in order to: (表目的)为了 achieve coherence: 达成一致(achieve: 完成，达到;coherence: 一致，一致性)global: 全球的，世界的 policy: 方针，政策1、贸易壁垒的一般定义英文原文：A trade ba
23、rrier is a general term that describes any government policy or regulation that restricts international trade.注释：trade barrier: 贸易壁垒 general term: 总称，总括 regulation: 规则，规章，条例 restrict: 限制; 约束; 制禁止中文意思：贸易壁垒是指各国政府用于限制国际贸易的政策或条例的总称。2、各种贸易壁垒措施1)import duties: 进口税(注释：duty: 关税)2)import or export licenses:
24、进出口许可证3)import quotas: 进口配额 (注释：quota: 配额)4)tariffs: 关税5)subsidies: 补贴6)non-tariff barriers: 非关税壁垒3、贸易壁垒实施的原理英文原文：Most trade barriers work on the same principle: the imposition of some sort of cost to trade that raises the price of trade products. If two or more nations repeatedly use trade barriers
25、 against each other, then a trade war results.注释：principle：原则，原理 repeatedly: 再三地，重复地 result: 产生, 结果, 致使中文意思：大多数贸易壁垒实施的原理是一样的：强制性地增加某些贸易的成本，将会使得贸易产品的价格上升。如果两个或多个国家之间相互反复的使用贸易壁垒，那么将会导致贸易战争。英文原文：Any international transaction should start with market research. An importer/exporter must acquire good know
26、ledge of the foreign market to which his products are to be sold so that he can trade with the customers successfully.注释：transaction: 交易，经济业务 start with: 以开始 market research: 市场调研 acquire good knowledge of: 熟悉(的知识) (acquire: 获得，得到)foreign: 国外的，对外的 successfully: 成功地中文意思：任何一笔国际交易最初都要进行市场调研。进口商/出口商必须熟悉
27、其产品销往的国外市场，这样才能够成功地与客户进行交易。1、国际贸易的具体步骤：51)Seeking customers 寻找客户 (注释：seek: 寻找，寻求)2)Contact each other by sending inquiries 联系查询(注释 contact: 接触，联系;inquiry: 询问，询盘)3)Status inquiry 情况查询 (注释：Status: 情形，状态)4)Quotations or offers; acceptance or non-acceptance 报价或发盘;接受或不接受报价或发盘(注释：quotation: 报价 offer: 发盘 a
28、cceptance: 接受)5)Order; contract 发送订单;签订合同 (注释：order: 订单;contract: 合同)6)Obtaining import/export license; opening L/C / receiving L/C, if any 获得进口/出口许可证;开立信用证/接收信用证 (注释：obtain: 获得，取得 L/C：信用证)7)Preparation of goods by the seller 卖方备货 (注释：preparation: 准备，预备)8)Inspection or survey of goods 检查或检验货物(注释：ins
29、pection: 检查，检验;survey: 调查，测量)9) Reserving shipping space either by the seller or buyer, depending on the trade terms. 依据贸易条款，由卖方或买方订舱。(注释：reserve shipping space: 订舱(位);trade terms: 贸易条款)10)Effecting insurance 办理保险 (注释：effect: 作用，效果，在此为“办理”之意;insurance: 保险)11)Customs clearance and loading 报关装货(注释：cus
30、toms clearance: 报关，清关;loading: 装货)12)Shipping advice 装船(发货)通知13)Negotiation of export documents under L/C by the beneficiary 通过受益人议付信用证项下的出口单证。(注释：documents: 单据，单证;beneficiary: 受益人)14)Redemption of documents under L/C 赎回信用证项下单证(赎单)(注释：redemption: 赎回，偿还，履行)15)Customs clearance for import 进口报关16)Deliv
31、ery of goods 交货 (注释：delivery: 交付，交递)17)Lodging and Settling claims (if any) 提出索赔/理赔 (注释：lodge: 提出 settle: 支付, 安排, 解决 claim: 要求，主张，索赔，索取)2010 年国际货运代理货代英语第 2 章讲义1-1 课文：Originally, a freight forwarder was a commission agent performing on behalf of the exporter/importer routine tasks such as loading/unl
32、oading of goods, storage of goods, arranging local transport, obtaining payment for his customer, etc这句话是比较长，一句一段，核心句子：.a freight forwarder was a commission agent performing on behalf of the exporter/importer routine tasksfreight forwarder 货运代理人commission agent 委托代理人on behalf of 代表routine tasks 日常工作
33、loading/unloading of goods 装载/卸载货物storage of goods 货物存放，货物存储这句话大致意思是：最开始，货运代理是进出口商的委托代理人，替进出口商做一些常规事务，比如装载/卸载货物，货物的存储，安排地方运输.61-2 课文：However, the expansion of international trade and the development of different modes of transport over the years that followed enlarged the scope of his services.核心句子：
34、A and B enlarged the scope of his services.A 是指 ：expansion of international trade 国际贸易的扩大B 是指 ：development of different modes of transport 不同运输方式的发展：Over the years that followed 在随后的几年里;international trade: 国际贸易modes of transport: 运输方式这句话大致意思是：在以后的几年里，国际贸易的扩大和不同运输方式的发展加大了货运代理的服务范围。1-3 课文：Today, a fr
35、eight forwarder plays an important role in international trade and transport. Play an important role : 扮演重要的角色(引申为：起着重要的作用)International trade and transport 国际贸易和运输这句话大致意思是：现在，货运代理人在国际贸易和运输中起着重要的作用。1-4 课文：The services that a freight forwarder renders may often range from routine and basic tasks such
36、 as the booking of space or customs clearance to a comprehensive package of services covering the total transportation and distribution process.核心句子：The services May often range from torender: 在这里的意思是“提供”，= offer, providerange : 在. 范围内变化，后面常跟 from .to.booking of space 订舱a comprehensive package of se
37、rvices: 全面的一揽子服务cover : 包括，涉及 = includetransportation and distribution: 运输和分发这句话大致意思是：货运代理提供的服务通常可能从日常基础的工作比如舱位的预定，清关等，到全面的一揽子服务包括整个货物的运输和分发派送过程。二.重点掌握货运代理人分别代表发货人和收货人所要做的工作。2-1 课文：Unless the consignor, the person sending goods, or the consignee, the person receiving the goods, wants to attend to an
38、y of the procedural and documentary formalities himself, it is usually the freight forwarder who undertakes on his behalf to process the movement of goods through the various stages involved.核心句子：Unless the consignor or consignee wants to attend to.himself, it is the freight forwarder who undertakes
39、 to process the movement of goods.consignor: 发货人consignee: 收货人attend to: 关注 = pay attention toprocedural and documentary formalities: 程序和单证上的手续Undertake to do sty. 承担去做某事，承诺做某事process: 在这里为动词，处理，处置involve: 包含，含有，涉及7movement: 移动，动向 ( 在这里引申为“运输”)这句话大致意思是：如果发货人或者收货人不想亲自去办理那些繁琐的手续的话，货运代理人将代表他们去处理货物运输中所涉
40、及的各个步骤。2-2 课文：The freight forwarder may provide these services directly or through sub-contractors or other agencies employed by him.核心句子：The freight forwarder provide these services.这句话的大致意思是：货运代理人可以直接或者通过次承包商或者另外雇用代理来提供这些服务。2-3 On Behalf of the Consignor ( Exporter ) 货运代理人代表发货人(出口商)所要做的工作(考试重点)1.
41、Choose the route, mode of transport and a suitable carrier. 挑选运输线路，运输方式和合适的承运人。注释：mode of transport: 运输方式 ; carrier: 承运人2. Book space with the selected carrier. 跟选定的承运人订舱。3.Take delivery of the goods and issue relevant documents such as the Forwarders Certificate of Receipt, the Forwarders Certifica
42、te of Transport, etc. 接收货物，并签发货运代理人收货证明书和货运代理人运输证明书。注释：Forwarders Certificate of Receipt 货运代理人收货证明书(是代理人收到货物的凭证);Forwarders Certificate of Transport 货运代理人运输证明书(是证明代理人具备运输能力的凭证); issue: 发行，发布(在这里译为“签发”)4. Study the provisions of the letter of credit and all Government regulations applicable to the sh
43、ipment of goods in the country of export, the country of import, as well as any transit country; he would also prepare all the necessary documents. 研究适用于货物出口国家和进口国家，以及中转国家运输的信用证条款和所有政府规定，并准备所有必须的单证文件。注释：letter of credit : 信用证 applicable to .: 适用于.; as well as: 也，又，以及;transit country: 中转国5.Pack the g
44、oods, taking into account the route, the mode of transport, the nature of the goods and applicable regulations, if any, in the country of export, transit countries and country of destination.货物的包装，( 在货物包装时) 要考虑运输路线，运输的方式，货物的特性，如果有的话还要考虑出口国，中转国和目的地国家适用的规定。注释：pack the goods 货物包装/打包; take into account:
45、 考虑; the nature of the goods: 货物的特性; if any: 如果有的话。2010 年国际货运代理货代英语第 3 章讲义6. Arrange warehousing of the goods, if necessary. 如果有必要的话，要安排货物的仓储注释：warehousing of the goods: 货物的仓储;if necessary: 如果有必要的话7. Weigh and measure the goods. 测定货物的重量和尺寸。8. Draw the consignors attention to the need for insurance a
46、nd arrange for the insurance of goods, if required by the consignor. 提醒发货人注意是否需要货物保险，如果发货人需要投保，则需安排货物的保险。注释：draw ones attention to.: 引起某人注意. ( 相当于“提醒某人注意.”);89. Transport the goods to the port, arrange for customs clearance, related documentation formalities and deliver the goods to the carrier. 将货物
47、运往港口，安排货物的清关，办理相关的单证上的手续并将货物交付给承运人。注释：customs clearance: 海关清关;deliver the goods: 交付货物 documentation: 文件，单证10. Attend to foreign exchange transactions, if any. 关注外汇交易注释：foreign exchange transaction: 外汇交易11. Pay fees and other charges including freight. 支付手续费和其他包括运费在内的费用注释：fee : (偏向于手续费方面的)费用; charge:
48、 (偏向于因服务而索取的)费用; freight: 运费。12. Obtain the signed bills of lading from the carrier and arrange delivery to the consignor. 从承运人那里获得签发的提单并将提单转让给发货人注释：bill of lading:提单13. Arrange for transshipment en route if necessary. 如果有必要的话，安排货物在途中的转运。注释：transshipment: 转运; en route: = on the way 途中的14. Monitor th
49、e movement of goods all the way to the consignee through contacts with the carrier and the forwarders agents abroad. 通过联系承运人和海外的货运代理，监控货物的运输直至货物交付给收货人。注释：all the way: 由始至终15. Note damages or losses, if any, to the goods. 记录货物的货损货失16. Assist the consignor in pursuing claims, if any, against the carrier for loss of the goods or for damage to them. 如果货物有损失，需要帮助发货人向承运人就货物的损失提出赔偿。注释：assist sb. In doing sty. 帮助某人做某事;pursue/make claim against sb. for sty.: 就.向某人提出赔偿。2-4 On Behalf of the Consignee(Importer) 货运代理人代表收货人(进口商)所要做的工作(考试重点)1. Monitor the movement of goods
