1、考研阅读关键句与核心词汇新东方 许泽传 2014.10说明:相信各位考研同学都会把考研阅读文章做精读,做完以后会总结一些词汇、同义替换和出题点,以下是我做的一些总结。我整理了2001-2010年40篇仔细阅读每一篇文章中的有出题目的句子和对应的题目及答案,这些句子可以说是文章里最重要的句子,通过对他们的分析便可以总结出考研阅读通常会在什么地方提问;通过对题目和正确答案的分析便可以总结出常见的题型和正确选项的特点;对比原文关键信息和正确答案的表述,就可以看出同义改写或信息推断的方式。知道考点在哪里,知道正确选项什么特点,就是考研阅读的关键。考研阅读文章若按题材分类大致可以分为文化教育、社会生活、
2、科普信息和商业经济四类,同类型的文章可以收集到一起做,方便对比文章结构、积累背景词汇和训练做题思路。我也是先把文章进行分类,然后从每篇文章里精选3-4句话,用红色加粗字体标注了句中的关键词(这些词也正是我们在看文章时需要做笔记的词,如转折、对比、否定和总结词),每个句子都配有中文翻译,列出了必备词汇,并对熟词僻意做了特别标注,最后总结了一些正确选项和原文信息同义改写的方式,希望这份材料对大家有一定的帮助。(四)商业经济类2001.Text4 关于并购浪潮的利弊2002.Text3 关于油价上升给社会带来的影响2003.Text3 关于铁路并购2004.Text3 关于美国经济的下滑人们的反应2
3、007.Text3 关于美国目前的经济形势对中产阶级家庭的影响2010.Text2 关于商业模式专利的现状和将要发生的改变2010.Text4 关于银行和会计标准2001.Text4 关于并购浪潮的利弊1.Theworldis goingthroughthebiggest wave ofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.世界正在经历一场有史以来最最大的并购浪潮。 merger n.合并 acquisition n.获得,收购 acquire提问及答案:-Whatisthetypicaltrend ofbusinessestoday?- Tocombinea
4、ndbecomebigger. trend n.趋势同义改写方式:thebiggestwave thetypicaltrendmergersandacquisitions combineandbecomebigger2.Ibelievethatthemostimportant forces behindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalization process: fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,lowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlarg
5、edmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomersdemands.我认为,这股巨大的并购浪潮背后最重要的原因与引发全球化进程的原因相同:运输与通讯成本的逐渐下降,贸易与投资壁垒的减少,以及市场的扩大,它们要求扩大业务以满足消费者的需求。 massive a.巨大的 underlie v.位于之下 globalization n.全球化 barrier n.障碍提问及答案:Accordingtotheauthor,oneofthedrivingforcesbehindM&Awaveisthegreatercustomer
6、demands.3.Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.,whentheStandardOilTrustwasbrokenup.目前这股合并浪潮到底有利还是有害,相关的例子并不多。不过,难以想象的是,今天几家石油公司的合并会对竞争构成威胁;将
7、近一个世纪前美国的StandardOil联合公司被迫解体,就是由于当时人们担心它会给竞争造成威胁。 scanty a.不足的,不多的提问及答案:FromParagraph4wecaninferthattheStandardOilTrustmighthavethreatenedcompetition.4.Allthesearebeneficial,notdetrimental,toconsumers.Asproductivitygrows,theworldswealthincreases.Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.所有
8、这一切对消费者来说都是有益无害的。随着生产力的提高,世界财富也在增加。但事实仍然是,我们必须警惕这种并购浪潮。 beneficial a.有益的 productivity n.生产力提问及答案:Thewritersattitudetowardsthemergermovementcanbesaidtobeobjective. objective a.客观的同义改写方式:beneficial,Yetmustbewatched objective2002.Text3 关于油价上升给社会带来的影响1.SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrude
9、oilhasjumpedtoalmost$26a barrel,upfromless than$10lastDecember.自从石油输出国组织OPEC3月份同意削减供应以来,原油的价格已从去年12月的每桶不到10美元涨到了每桶差不多26美元。 crude oil 原油 barrel n.桶提问及答案:Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceisreductioninsupply.同义改写方式:fromlessthan$10toalmost $26abarrel riseof oilpricesupply-cuts reduction insupply2.
10、Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceof petrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforup tofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremuted effectonpumppricesthaninthepast.在大多数国家,现在的原油成本与70年代相比在汽油价格中所占份额要小一些。在欧洲,税收占汽油零售价多达五分之四,因此即使原
11、油价格发生很大变化,它对汽油价格的影响也会比过去小得多。 accountfor 占(比) muted a.温柔的 retailprice 零售价提问及答案:theretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyifoiltaxesrise.3.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesby o
12、nly0.25-0.5% ofGDP.Thatis less thanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.在最近一期经济展望报告中,经合组织OECD估计,如果今年的油价平均为每桶22美元,那么和1998年的13美元相比,富裕国家进口石油的开支只增加了国内生产总值的0.25-0.5%.还不到1974年或1980年收入损失的四分之一。estimate v.估计提问及答案:TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountriesoilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGD
13、P. significantimpact 重大影响同义改写方式:increasebyonly0.25-0.5% nosignificantimpact4.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesin the1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobal excessdemand.另一个不必因为油价上涨而睡不好觉的原因是:与70年代的油价上涨不同,此次涨价的背景并不是物价普遍上
14、涨和全球需求过剩。 commodity n.商品 inflation n.通货膨胀 excess a.过多的,过量的:morethanrequired提问及答案:WecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthatOil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow.2003.Text 3关于铁路并购1.Supporters ofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmon
15、opoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfierce competitionfromtrucks.新的超级铁路系统支持者认为,这些合并将有助于大幅度降低费用,带来更协调的服务。他们认为,所有垄断威胁都会因为货车的激烈竞争而烟硝云散。 merger v.合并 substantial a.大量的 coordinate v.协调 monopoly n.垄断 remove v.消除提问及答案:Accordingtothosewhosupportmergers,railwaymonopolyisunlikelybecauseoutsidecompetitorswillcontinueto
16、exist.同义改写方式:fierce competitionfromtrucks outsidecompetitors2. Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestraveling longdistances,suchascoal, chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.但许多托运人却抱怨说,远途运输大宗货物,如煤、化学制品和粮食,使用火车价格太贵,因此他们完全受制于铁路公司。 Manycaptiveshi
17、ppersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.许多受制托运人也担心不久将会受到一轮费用暴涨的打击。提问及答案:manycaptiveshippersattitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustryisapprehensive. commodity n.商品 costly a.昂贵的 consolidation n.合并 apprehensive a.担心的,焦虑的同义改写方式:complain,worry apprehensive3.Railroadstypicallyc
18、hargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.ShipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernmentsSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,time-consuming,andwillworkonlyin trulyextremecases.如果没有另
19、外一家铁路公司抢生意,铁路公司一般会向这些“受制”托运人多收20%-30%的费用。托运人如果觉得要价过高有权上诉联邦政府地面运输委员会要求降低运费,但是整个过程既花钱又耗时,并且只在极端特殊的案子里才管用。 appealto 上诉 relief n.减轻 time-consuming 耗时的提问及答案:ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3 thatovercharged shippersareunlikelytoappeal forraterelief.4.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortunes,
20、stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreet cheeringthemon.整个铁路业尽管形势很好,其收入仍不足以支付为满足日益增加的运输需求而必须做的资本投入。然而在华尔街的鼓励下,铁路公司继续贷款数十亿元来彼此兼并。 invest v.投资 surging a.猛增的 acquire v.收购 acquisition
21、n.提问及答案:Accordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycausedbythecontinuing acquisition.同义改写方式:continuetoacquireoneanother continuingacquisition2004.Text 3关于美国经济的下滑人们的反应1.Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisntbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisntcutting,fillingorp
22、olishingasmanynailsas shed liketo,either.说到不断下滑的经济,EllenSpero现在还不至于咬指甲。但这位47岁的指甲修剪师的修甲、美甲业务也不如她希望的那样多了。 bite onesnail 咬指甲,束手无策 【熟词僻意】 polish v.磨光提问及答案:By“EllenSperoisntbitinghernailsjustyet”,theauthormeansSperois notinadesperate situation. desperate a.绝望的同义改写方式:isnt bitinghernails notinadesperate si
23、tuation2.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomyslong-termprospects,evenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.消费者似乎只是有些担心,还没有开始恐慌,并且很多人还说就在他们稍稍勒紧腰带的时候他们对经济的长远前景还是很乐观。 mildly ad.略微 panic a.恐慌的 optimistic a.乐观的 prospect n.前景 modest a.羞怯的,朴素的 belt-tighteni
24、ng 节约的【熟词僻意】Consumerssaytheyrenotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstill feelpretty good.消费者说,尽管报纸的头条新闻很吓人,他们并不感到绝望,因为他们自己的运气还是相当不错。 despair n.绝望 dreadful a.可怕的Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.很多人从经济衰退中看到了希望。 silverlining 一线希望提问及答案:-Howdothepublic feelabout thecurre
25、nteconomicsituation?-Optimistic.3.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldntmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Din
26、ersmightseeanupside, too.许多人从经济衰退中看到了希望。准备买房的人会因为低利率而感到高兴,老板们不会在意就业市场老一些泡沫,大批消费者似乎已经受到证券市场波动的影响,投资者现在把这种波动看成是经济持续增长的必然因素。喜欢下馆子的人也许也看到了好的一面。 potential a.潜在的 bubble n.泡沫 swing n.摇摆 investor n.投资者 ingredient n.要素 sustained a.持续的 boom n.繁荣提问及答案:-Whycanmanypeoplesee“silverlinings” to theeconomicslowdown?
27、-Theywouldbenefitin certainways.2007.Text 3关于美国目前的经济形势对中产阶级家庭的影响1.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclassto newlypoorina fewmonths.现在一张解聘通知书、一个病情诊断或者配偶的丧失都会使一个家庭在短短几个月之内从殷实的中产阶级一下子变成新的穷人。 diagnosis n.诊断 spouse n.配偶提问及答案:Todaysdouble-incomefamiliesareatg
28、reaterfinancialriskinthattheyaremorevulnerabletochangesin familyeconomics. inthat 因为 vulnerable a.脆弱的同义改写方式:reduce fromsolidlymiddle classtonewly poor vulnerable2.Formuchofthepastyear,PresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasaving-account model,withretireestradingmuchor all oftheir guaranteedp
29、aymentsforpaymentsdepending oninvestmentreturns.在去年大部分时间里,布什总统倡导将社会保障变成存款模式,结果退休者只能把许多或者全部有保障的收入换成取决于投资回报的收入。 campaign n.运动 v.从事运动 retiree n.退休者 guaranteedpayment 有保障收入 investment n.投资提问及答案:AsaresultofPresidentBushsreformretiredpeoplemayhavelesssecuredpayments. secured a.安全的,有担保的同义改写方式:paymentsdepen
30、ding oninvestmentreturns lesssecuredpayments3.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisenandnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers,withmuch higherdeductiblesandalarge newdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies futurehealthcare.保健的绝对花销和
31、家庭承担的部分都有所增加-新流行的健康储蓄计划正从立法厅扩展到沃尔玛工人,只是扣除条款要高得多,为家庭的未来保健新增了一份很大的投资风险。 healthcare n.医疗保健 spread v.传播提问及答案:Accordingto theauthor,health-savingsplanswillincreasethefamilies investmentrisk.同义改写方式:a largenewdoseofrisk increaserisk4.Thefinancialfallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.经济上的影
32、响已经开始,政治上的影响也许不会太远。提问及答案:Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatfinancialproblemsmaybringabout politicalproblems. bring about 引起,导致2010.Text2 关于商业模式专利的现状和将要发生的改变1.Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.在过去十年里,成千上万的专利通过所谓的商业途径获得了承认。 patent n.专利 grant v.授予 N
33、owthenations toppatentcourtappearscompletely readytoscale backonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10years ago.现在,美国最高专利法庭似乎完全做好准备对通过商业途径获得的专利进行缩减,这些专利自从10年前首次得到批准就一直饱受争议。 scale back 按比例缩减 controversial a.有争议的 authorize v.批准,授权提问及答案:Business-methodpatent
34、shaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseofthepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting. arouseconcern 引起关注 restriction n.限制同义改写方式:now recentlyscaleback restriction2.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”, saysDermisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclass ofpa
35、tents”这个名叫InreBilski 的案子是件“很大的事情”,密苏里大学法学院的DermisD.Crouch说,它“有可能把所有这种专利都清理掉” potential n.潜力 eliminate v.排除,消除提问及答案:-Which ofthefollowingis trueof theBilskicase?-TheBilskicasemaychange thelegalpractices intheU.S.同义改写方式:hasthepotential may3.TheFederalCircuitsactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisi
36、onsbythesupremeCountthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions” thatareobvious.联邦上诉法庭管辖区是在联邦最高法院最近做出一系列决定之后采取行动的。最高法院的决定缩小了对专利拥有者的保护范围。例如,去年四月,最高法院的大法官们表示,有太多的专利都授予了那些显而易见的“发明”。 scope n.范围 justices n.法官【
37、熟词僻意】 signal v.表示 【熟词僻意】提问及答案:Welearn fromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatentsbusiness-methodpatentsareoftenunnecessarilyissued. issue v.发布,发给2010.Text4 关于银行和会计标准1.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,anditsjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepricea
38、thirdpartywouldpay,nottheprice managersandregulators wouldlikethemtofetch.银行抱怨说,他们制定的规则迫使他们报告巨额亏损,而这是不公平的。按照规定,他们必须按第三方意愿支付的价格给一些资产定价,而不是按经营者和管理者希望他们卖的价格定价。 moan v.抱怨 enormous a.巨大的 asset n.资产提问及答案:Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedtofollowunfavorableassetevaluationrules. unfavorable a.不利的 evaluati
39、on n.评估2.Unfortunately,bankslobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essential totheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.遗憾的是,银行的游说现在在起作用。具体细节也许不得而知,但标准制定者的独立性-这对资本市场的正常运行至关重要-正在受到危害。 essential a.必不可少的 compromise v.危害 【熟词僻意】 After abr
40、uisingencounterwithCongress, Americas FinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-term assetsintheir incomestatement.与国会发生激烈冲突之后,美国商业会计标准委员会(FASB)匆匆进行了规则修改,从而使银行在使用模式定价非流动资产时有更多的自
41、由,在损益表中承认长期资产损失时有更大的灵活性。 bruising a.殊死的 encounter n.对抗提问及答案:Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultintheweakeningof itsindependence. resultin 导致同义改写方式:theindependenceisbeingcompromised theweakeningofitsindependence3.Europeanministersinstantly demandedthattheInternationalAccountingStand
42、ardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitsreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum”but“intherealworld”andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdiffere
43、nt rules.欧洲的部长们立刻要求国际会计标准委员会(IASB)如法炮制。IASB说如果没有完整的计划不想采取行动,但它在今年晚些时候完成其规则重建时必须做出让步的压力十分巨大。一位欧洲委员CharlieMcCreevy警告IASB说,它“不是生活在政治真空”而是“生活在现实世界”,欧洲可能会建立不同的规则。 likewise ad.同样地提问及答案:AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASBsattempttoactontheir owninrule-setting. objectsto 反对同义改写方式:developdifferent
44、rules actontheir owninrule-setting4.Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.搞错位的是银行,因为它们账上对资产的定价高得离谱。 vastly ad.极大地提问及答案:Theauthorthinksthebankwere“onthewrongplanet”inthattheyexaggeratedtherealvalueoftheir assets. exaggerate v.夸张同义改写方式:overvalue exaggerate5.Successf
45、ulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityformspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions.成功的市场要求有独立的甚至是好斗的标准制定者。FASB和 IASB一直恰好就是这样,比方说,不顾特殊利益集团的反对完成了对优先购股权和养老金的规定。但是现在他们对评论家的屈服正在给他们带来压力需作更多让步。 combative a.好斗的 hostility n.敌意 hostile a.敌对的 critics n.评论家 concession n.让步提问及答案:Theauthorsattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneofsympathy sympathy n.同情