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翻译理论 第四讲.doc

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1、1Chapter 4 英汉翻译技巧3.3 英汉句子结构比较与翻译1. 英语的形合法与汉语的意合法英汉两种语言各属不同语系, 经过长期的历史演变构成了自己鲜明的特点, 属于印欧语系的英语是一种以综合型为主要特征并逐渐向分析型发展过渡的语言,而属于汉藏语系的汉语却是一种以分析型为主的语言。 综合型语言是指主要通过词汇本身的形态变化来表达语法意义(性, 数,格, 时,语态等) 。而分析型语言是指语言中的语法关系是通过虚词,词序等手段来完成。这种不同语言的形态特点反应在英汉句子的结构上,有一个显著的特征,就是英语重形合(hypotaxis),汉语重意合(parataxis) 。 所谓形合,是指语言的词

2、语和分句之间用自身的形式手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语法意义和逻辑关系。所谓意合是指词语和分句之间不用语言形式手段连接, 句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义来表达。一般来说,英语句子常用各种形式手段连接词语和从句,注重显性接应(overt cohesion), 注重句子形式和完整,注重以形显义。因此,英语句子结构紧凑严密。汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段,注重隐性连贯(covert coherence ),注重逻辑事理顺序,注重功能和意义。 e.g.1. On campuses all across the United States, Americans who lectured

3、 and studied in China in the 1930s and 40s today are invigorating our own intellectual life-none of them with greater distinction than Professor John KFairbank, who honors us by joining my traveling party. 今天在美国的各个大学里,曾经于 30 年代和 40 年代在中国讲学做过研究的美国人正活跃着美国的学术生活。他们中间最有名望的是费正清教授,他这次同我们一起访华,使我们感到很荣幸。 2. M

4、r. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots. 据目击者说,凶手共开了三枪,肯尼迪显然是被第一枪击中的 3. All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.过了一些时候,从远方传来了消息:在小铜球坠落的当天,确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄

5、清。4. When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes ,of which one goes much deeper than the other. 为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢?我认为原因有二,而二者之间又有深浅之分。5. It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell

6、 to those who would lose there youth, and some of them there lives, before the leaves turned again in a peaceful fall. 那是个天气晴朗,金黄可爱的秋天,美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期,2黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时,当日的青年已经失去了青春,有的丧失了生命。由于受形态变化规则上的约束,英语句子中的谓语动词一般只有一个,原来应该由动词表达的概念,除了用非限定动词以外,还大量使用名词,介词以及定语从句等来表达语义。与英语相比,汉语的动词没有形态变化上的约束,很多句子使用两

7、个或更多以上的动词,中间不用任何关联词语,使用起来十分自由,方便,生动。原形动词还常常充当句子的各种成分,可以多次连用,构成复杂谓语。 e.g.1. 过去的一年,全国人民按照“抓住机遇,深化改革,扩大开放,促进发展,保持稳定”的方针,团结奋斗,开拓进取,社会主义现代化事业取得了重大成就。 In the past year, guided by the principle of “seizing the current opportunity to deepen the reform and open China to the outside world, promoting developme

8、nt and maintaining stability,” the Chinese people worked hard with a united and pioneering spirit, achieving great success in the drive for socialist modernization. 从这个汉译英的例子可以明显看出汉英句子结构的差异。汉语例句充分体现汉语多以分句叙述为主,平行安排结构,句式松散,使用较多的动词,以意相连。形式上虽然没有明显的形态标记,但是分句之间的语义功能却可以承上启下,互为呼应,层层递进。而英译文则是首先确定主谓结构为全句的中心,然

9、后利用英语丰富的词形变化,将原文的各个分句分别处理成介词短语,分词短语,状语从句,独立结构等不同形式,附加在主干句子的上面。句子之间形态标记明确,结构严谨,环环相扣。 Exercises: 1. That other countries have such a deep interest in developments in Chinas economic and trade situation will come as no surprise to any of you-that is, after all, the 16th time the World Economic Forum ha

10、s held a meeting focused on China. 2. Today, our nation saw evil, the very worst of human nature, and we responded with the best of America, with the daring of our rescue workers, with the caring for strangers and neighbors who came to give blood and help in any way they could. 3. Two things are not

11、iceable, by comparison, in Europe: first, that successful people there who lack good college qualification have often made their way on the basis of mental flexibility and good social skills alone. 4. The deepest impressions and fondest memories I retain of my own five years in China are of the grea

12、t warmth with which I have been treated on countless occasions across the country. 2 英汉句子重心的差异英汉句子结构上的差异还表现为句子重心的不同。如果一个句子里既有叙事的部分,又有表态的部分,汉语的表达习惯往往是叙事在前,表态在后,叙事部分可以很长,表态部分一般都很短。在英语里则往往相反,表态在前,叙事在后, 表态部分很短,叙事部分一般都比较长。 e.g.1. The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for mys

13、elf the achievements 3of the Chinese people. 这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成就,这是我向往已久的。2. It is regrettable that the aggressive market strategy of Japanese colleagues and their “apprentices” in Korea has resulted in destructive price erosion for consumer electronics goods. 我们的日本同行和他们的韩国“学徒们”以其野心勃勃的市场战略破坏性地降低

14、了民用电子产品的价格,这是令人遗憾的。 3. We had been dismayed at home while reading for the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959. 我们于 1959 年离开了中国。此后,中国连续三年遭到自然灾害,当我们在国内读到这方面的消息时,心情颇为沉重。 4. Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected

15、: there is a “high-temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with its center roughly thirty miles above the ground. 人们早就怀疑大气中有一个高温带,其中心在距地面约 30 英里高的地方。利用火箭加以研究后,这一奇异的事实已得到了证实。 在叙述事物发展过程的句子里,汉语的时间顺序和逻辑关系常常按照由先到后,由因到果,由假设到推论,由事实到结论这样的次序来排列,而英语一般则采取相反的顺序,往往是先表示个人的感受,态度或首先就事情本身做出评价,然后再叙述事情的来龙去脉,形成句式上先短后长,头轻脚

16、重的语言现象。 It is.to.结构便于作者将句式中短的部分放在前面,长的部分放在后面,十分符合英语的思维方式和表达特点。 汉英语之间的这一差异是由于它们结构上的不同所决定的。汉语属于主题显著语言,在表达思想时,汉语往往突出主题,在篇章组织上有较大的自由性,上下文连接自成体系。英语的主语却是一句之魂,是确定句子结构,选择词语搭配的决定因素。 汉语频繁使用主题述题结构,英语则主要使用主语谓语结构,英汉语之间的这一重要差别值得我们特别注意。在翻译时,应自觉地按照英汉各自的语言习惯,对句子的结构重心做出相应的调整。 e.g.1. There are many wonderful stories t

17、o tell about the places I visited and the people I met. 我访问过一些地方,遇到过不少人,要谈起来,奇妙的事可多了。 2. I worked very hard on this book. 这本书我花了很多心血。 3. To lose weight you need to drink lots of water. You should drink at least eight glasses as tall as this every day. 要想减肥就得喝好多水,像这么大的杯子每天至少要喝八杯。 4. Drinking and driv

18、ing dont mix. 喝酒不开车,开车不喝酒。 Exercises:1. It is only natural, given this atmosphere, that Japans strengthening its security system with the 4US would immediately cause the Asian countries to criticize them and step up their vigilance. 2. There has been no doubt in my mind of the progress which you hav

19、e achieved. There has been no doubt in my mind of the progress which you have achieved.3. There was nothing inherently wrong with the sentence you said, but it was wrong of you to speak without taking notice of the setting at the time.4. We will simply have to wait in order to see how the situation

20、develops.3. 英汉语言语序上的差异汉语的语言表达模式是:主语+状语(时间,地点,方式)+ 谓语+宾语(一般定语必须前置) ,而英语表达的主要顺序是:主语+谓语+宾语+ 状语(方式,地点,时间) 。可以这样说,作为分析型语言,汉语语序总体上比较固定;英语是综合型为主,向分析型过渡的语言,语序相对固定,又有灵活的变化。英汉语言基本语序上的主要差异集中在定语和状语的位置。汉语里的定语位置一般放在名词之前,即使几个定语连用或使用很长时间的词组作定语,也都要放在前面。英语则完全不同,单词作定语时,通常放在名词之前;短语和从句作定语时总是放在名词之后。(1)英汉单词作定语时,可都放在被修饰的词之

21、前,翻译时词序不变:opening speech 开幕词an epoch-making event 划时代的事件imported goods 进口商品armed forces 武装部队the changed world 变化了的世界(2)一些英语后置的单词定语译成汉语时,一般前置。 其所修饰的部分是由 some, any, every, no 等构成的复合代词时,定语需后置。Is there anything interesting in todays paper?今天报上有什么有意思的消息吗?The firemen did everything necessary to put out th

22、e forest fire.为了扑灭森林大火,消防队员们尽了一切必要的努力。 某些以-ible 或-able 结尾的形容词作定语,与 every,the only 或形容词最高级连用来修饰一个名词时,也常需后置。eg 1 There are a lot of Chinese commodities available for export at the Guangzhou Trade Fair.广交会上有很多供出口的中国商品。eg 2 These are confidential documents not accessible to the public.这些是公众无法接触及到的机密文件。e

23、g 3 They had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting there in time.为了能及时赶到那儿,他们克服了极大的困难。 起表语作用的形容词,用作定语是必须后置。eg 1 Everybody present at the conference welcomed the decision. 出席大会的人都欢迎那个决议5eg 2 He will be remembered for that one book alone.仅仅那一本书就可以使他留名于世了。eg 3 There are many young people adrift in

24、 the big cities in that country.哪个国家的大城市里有很多四处游荡的年轻人。 某些外来语和固定词组中,形容词作定语,常放在所修饰词的后面。例如consul gereral 总领事secretary general(of the U.N.) (联合国) 秘书长director-general 总干事court martial 军事法庭a position unique 独一无二的地位(3)英汉两个或两个以上的单词作定语放在所修饰的名词之前,其顺序也各不相同,常需作出调整。汉语中的习惯是把最能说明事物本质的放在前面,而把表示规模大小、力量强弱的放在后面。英语则恰恰相反

25、,越能说明事物本质的定语越要靠近它所修饰的名词。同时,还可以根据定语和其所修饰的名词之间的关系安排前后位置,定语和中心词安排越密切,位置越接近。eg 1 一张红木小圆桌a small round red wooden tableeg 2 一位中国现代优秀作家an outstanding contemporary Chinese writereg 3 繁荣昌盛的社会主义现代化强国a modern, prosperous, powerful socialist country.(4)英汉两种语言的状语位置有较大差异。出于强调的程度,句子平衡和上下文关联等方面的考虑,状语位置都不固定。汉语里,状语通

26、常是放在主语之后,谓语之前。为了强调,也可以放在主语之前或句尾,英语的状语位置则十分复杂,一般来说,单词构成的状语常根据需要放在句首,谓语动词之前,助动词和谓语动词之间,或者放在句末。较长的状语则往往不是放在句首,就是放在句末,放在句中的情况较少。eg 1 Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense!我这辈子从没听说过这种废话!eg 2 The flight was cancelled due to the heavy fog.班机因大雾停航。eg 3 Given bad weather,I will stay at home.假使天气不好,

27、我就呆在家里。在时间、地点、方式状语同时出现的句子里,英语的顺序一般都是“动词+方式+地点+时间” ,汉语的顺序是“时间+地点+方式+ 动词” 。如 He is often seen to work tensely in his laboratory from morning till night. 需译为“经常看见他从早到晚在实验室紧张地工作。 ”eg 1 The news briefing was held in Room 301 at about nine oclock yesterday morning.新闻发布会是昨天晚上上午大约九点在 301 会议室召开的。6eg 2 The co

28、nference delegates discussed Premier Zhus report animatedly in the meeting room yesterday morning.会议代表昨天上午在会议室热烈地讨论了朱总理的报告。在汉语里,如果一个句子有两个较长的状语,通常是一起放在句中。英语则要考虑句子的平衡关系,常常是把两个状语分别放在句首和句尾,或分别放在句首和主语之后。eg 1 Suddenly the President, looking out over the vast landscape, said, with an underlying excitement

29、in his voice, the words I gave earlier 总统眺望着辽阔的景色,突然用很兴奋的语调说了我在前文已经提到过的话eg 2 中国的远洋运输公司成立于 1961 年 4 月,至今已有 28 年的历史。28 年来,在国家的大力支持下,经过不懈的努力,公司和船舶数量迅速发展和增长。Established in April 1961,the Chinese Ocean Shipping Corporation has, in the past 28 years through arduous efforts, with the support from the state

30、, expanded its shipping business and increased its number of ships.Exercises:1. A secure and strong China is in Americas interest. And a powerful, confident, and globally engaged U.S. is in Chinas interest.2. That is why deepening our economic, cultural and political relations is so strategically im

31、portantnot only for your security but for the peace of the world community.3. It is where people have been allowed to create, compete, and build, where they have been permitted to think for themselves, make economic decisions, and benefit from their own risks, that societies have become the most pro

32、sperous, progressive, dynamic and free.4. Let us build together a safe, secure and stable world where our children can learn, play and work for the betterment of all mankind.4. 英汉语态差异与翻译英、汉都有主动语态和被动语态之分,但是对于两种语态的运用却不尽相同。一般来说,英语里运用被动语态的频率明显高于汉语。从句法角度看,英语重形合,注重句法结构和表达形式。当主动式不便于表达时,出于造句的需要或修辞的考虑,往往采用被动

33、式。此外,从文体的角度看,某些文体较多使用被动句,以迎合其表达的需要。特别是英语的 信息性文体 (如科技文体新闻文体公文以及论说性文体等中,被动语态可以说是比比皆是,因为在这样的文章中使用被动语态,会显得客观翔实公正正式,避免给人以主观臆断啰嗦冗长的感觉。从文化性质上看,西方文化属于科学文化,汉语文化属于人文文化。从文化心理上看,科学文化“重物质、轻人论,价值取向以功利为本位”,人文文化“重人论、轻器物,价值取向以道德为本位” 。两种文化不同的取向表现在思维方式上,英语民族喜欢站在客观角度思考问题,汉民族喜欢站在主观角度思考问题。这在英汉语言上就表现为英语使用被动语态较多,尤其在科技英语中被动

34、语态使用得更多,汉语使用被动语态较少,而多用主动句。1.施事的原因1)强调受事者,而施事者并不重要7At the tea party only tea and cake were served.茶会上只供应茶和点心。The happy man cannot be harried.吉人自有天相。2)不需要说出施事者,或实施者已隐含其中The murderer was caught yesterady, and it is said that he will be hanged.凶手已于昨日被捕,据说他将被绞死。Individualized tutition and assessment are

35、carried on to help the students.继续实施个性化收费和评估以帮助学生。3)不愿说出施事者甚至为了表达某种微妙的感情Some things have been said tonight that ought not to have been spoken.今晚有人说了一些不该说的话。It is suggested that each speaker is allotted five minutes.建议每位发言人的讲话不要超过五分钟。2. 句法的需要:1)为了上下文的连贯He appeared on the stage and was warmly applaude

36、d by the audience.他出现在台上,观众报以热烈的鼓掌。 She was asked ten questions in the oral exam and answered every one of them correctly.口试时,问了十个问题,她全答对了。Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.人的思想形成语言,而语言又影响了人的思想。2)为了使句子平衡,保持末端中心(end focus)和末端重量(end weight),以符合主语简短、谓语复杂的表达习惯。I was astounded that he was

37、prepared to give me a job他准备给我一份工作,这使我大吃一惊。3.修辞的考虑。英语修辞学主张不要过分使用被动句,但适当使用被动句可以使表达方法灵活多变,避免句型单调,达到一定的修辞效果。例如使用被动式可以减少以填补词“it” 、 “there”引导的句式,使句子比较干脆、有力。试比较:There are many ways to vary the basic English sentence pattern of subjectverbobject有许多方法可以变换英语“主一动一宾”基本句型。The basic English sentence pattern of s

38、ubjectverbobject can be varied in many ways 英语“主一动一宾”基本句型可以用许多方法加以变换。汉语中虽然也有被动语态,但表示被动意义的字眼不外乎“被” “挨” “遭” “受” “给”“叫” “让” “为” “为/被所 ”等有限的几个,被动式使用范围比较狭窄。鉴于英汉两种语言在语态上的区别,英语中大部分有被动语态的句子在译成中文时,只有原文的被动语态表示“不幸”或“灾祸” (即不好的事情)时才可以直译成被动语态,8其他情况一般都转化成主动语态,或至少是形式主动,意义被动的句子,其翻译策略如下:(一)原句中的主语仍做主语1)译成“受事者+动词”的结构在这

39、种情况下,虽然原句作主语的受事者仍然是汉语句子的主语,但整个汉语句子中没有“被”字出现,而是直接采用“受事者+动词”的格式,一般来说,对以下两种情况都不存在的句子,译者首先应该想到的就是这种译法,一是原句中没有 by 引出动作的发出者,二是没有用来修饰整句话的时间状语或地点状语。Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin strings, called “fibers”, and these fibers can be made into cloth.某些塑料

40、可以压入机器分割成细长条,称为纤维,这种纤维可以织成布。The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.他青年时期形成的自卑感从未完全消除。Of the total of 131 rooms, 71 will be completely refurbished, enlarged and merged.131 间客房中的 71 间将重新装饰、扩建与合并。Also the entire F&B area with the lounge and the half boa

41、rd restaurant will be restructured and refurbished.除此之外,整个 F&B 区域(含休息室)以及半膳餐馆也将进行改建和重新装饰。以上句子均译成了形式上的主动句,但原文的主谓顺序没有改变,如果将这些英文句子翻译成带“被”的句子,必会显得拗口,不符合汉语的语感。2)译成系表结构的判断句这种情况,原来的主语仍作主语,但汉语的谓语变成了“是-的”这种系表结构,与英文的被动结构“be+过去分词”的结构十分相似,这类句子的翻译非常简单,例如The bridge is named after an engineer.这座桥是以一名工程师的名字命名的。Poet

42、s are born, but orators are made.诗人是天生的,演说家是后天造就的。(二)原句中的主语做宾语,译成“施事者+动词”的结构1.译成 “具体施事者+动词”的结构如原文中已经以某种方式说出了具体的实施者,尤其是以 by 引出了动作的发出者,那么,根据中文注重“成事者必在人” ,而且被动语态一般往往表示不愿意、不企望的事情,所以,如果句子本身的动作是一个正面的动作(即“好”的动作) ,又有 by 给出了完成这一“正面动作”的人或组织,则根据汉语句子的特点,译成“施事者+动词”的结构,例如:What measures have been or are being adop

43、ted by the local government to reduce air pollution?当地政府已经采取或正在采取何种措施以减少空气污染?By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives.9到战争结束,该组织共救出了 800 人,但牺牲了 200 多名比利时人和法国人的生命。For basic education,over two-thirds was contributed by Cana

44、da,Japan, the Neitherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States.就基础教育而言,加拿大、日本、荷兰、英国和美国捐助了三分之二以上。He has been pursued, day by day, and year by year, by a most phenomenal and astonishing luckiness.一天天,一年年,幸运总是伴随他,令人惊诧不已。上述几个例子中,adopt、save、contribute、 pursue 本身或整个句子表达的都是褒义的动作或事情,而且每个句子都由 by 引出了动作的

45、发出者,即“施事者” ,所以可将“施事者”提前,变成真正意义上的主动语态。2 “泛指主语+动词”的结构如果原句中没有出现具体的施事者,但根据上下文可以推断施事者是泛指的人,此时,在汉语译文中可以用“人们” “有人” “大家”或“我们”等泛指名词做主语,也就是说译成“泛指主语+动词”的格式。这种情况下,原英文的动词往往跟人的关系非常密切,尤其是原句中的谓语动词表示人的感觉、意识、思想、看法、观点、感知等,如 see 、hear、observe、tasted、feel 、find 、think 、believe、know、doubt 等。例如:It would be astonishing if

46、that loss were not keenly felt.如果人们没有感觉到到损失就太奇怪了。Although little is known about how hypnosis works, it has been made use of in medical treatment.虽然人们对催眠术知之甚少,但该技术已用于临床治疗。Her plans for a movie career are believed to have all been merely a pipe dream.有人认为她当电影明星的计划不过是黄粱美梦。He was seen talking to the off

47、icial and then fighting with him.有人看见他和那位官员谈话,还和他打了起来。A woman was heard moaning after midnight.有人深夜听见一名女子在呻吟。3.译成无主句或话题评述句无主句和话题评述句是汉语中特有的句型,使用无主句,是因为实在很难断定动作的发出者到底是谁,或无法说出甚至不敢说出动作的发出者是谁。使用话题评述句,是在前面交代话题,后半部分则是对话题的评述。 在汉译英时可以将没有说明施动者的英语被动句译为汉语的无主句或话题评述句,原句的主语(即动作的承受者)也要变成汉语无主句的宾语或变为话题评述句中评述的一部分。译为无主

48、句一般适用于一些表示建议命令请求要求的句子,比如原句中有should must has to 等表示情态的动词,或者是 suggestrequire needrequest ask 等表示建议要求请求的动词。译为话题评述句一般适用于有时间或地点状语修饰全句的句子,此种情况下,可以将时间或地点放在前面作话题,例句如下:10The problem of population control has to be recognized and approached in a world environmental context.必须联系世界环境去认识和解决人口控制问题。Education progr

49、ams should be enriched to include life skills for health, safety and environmental awareness.应该丰富教育计划,将有利于健康的生活技能安全问题和环境意识纳入其中。Studies over time are required to test the extent to which recommendations have been accepted, put into practice and had an impact.需要一段时间的研究来考察建议接受实施并发挥影响的程度。In addition to the survey, sub-regional consultative workshops are being held, for example in Uganda and Mali.除调查工作,

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