1、1History of the United States Chapter 4 Discovery and Early ColonizationSolid evidence of these cultures settling in what would become the US is dated to around 14,000 years ago. They might belong to the Mongoloid 蒙古人种的 peoples.all land travel ended between 10,000 and 9000 B. C. It is plausible that
2、 a Japanese of Chinese fishing craft, or even a Polynesian outrigger舷外支架 canoe, may have drifted across the Pacific to the New World. There is some evidence that Irish or Welsh monks may have been the first non-Indian discoverers of the New World. Early Chinese ExplorationNorse ExplorationFactors Le
3、d to the European DiscoveryFactors Led to the European DiscoveryRenaissance and Reformation = the great spirit of adventure and enthusiasm which swept Europe. The enaissancesecularized the way people thought.The rise of Nation-Sates: By the 1400s France, England, and Spain were ruled by ambitious ki
4、ngs and queens.Factors Led to the European Discovery3. Sailors deared to take long ocean voyages because of the improvements in navigation and naval architecture.4. Life on land was hard and uncertain. Christopher Columbus born in Genoa worked on Portuguese ships for nearly nine years. Columbus beli
5、eved Europeans would arrive at the riches of the Orient- referred to as the “Indies.“ The Portuguese king, relying on advisers who reported that the world was much larger than Columbus believed, rejected his plan. Columbus then approached Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain, He crossed the At
6、lantic, and after six long weeks, his ship arrived at San Salvador in the 2Bahamas on October 12, 1492. Just before his death he revised his geography and said that the earth “had the form of a pear . upon one pat of which is a prominence like a womans nipple.“Ferdinand MagellanPortuguese navigator,
7、 set out from Spain in 1519. They reached the Philippines where Magellan was killed by the natives. They finally went back to Spain after 3 years.They proved that India could be reached by sailing west.Spanish Exploration After Columbus the Spanish expanded from the Caribbean islands to the mainland
8、. In the Spanish realm exploration soon was followed by settlement. From Florida to California the Spanish Empire in the United States emerged.French Exploration Jacques Cartier made the first of his three expeditions to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in search of the Northwest Passage. He opened the St.
9、Lawrence to eventual settlement and paved the way for future expansion down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, as well as westward to the Great Lakes. Samuel de Champlain pioneered the French empire. He made 11 trips of exploration to America. In 1608 he created a fort at Quebec, which soon beca
10、me the permanent center of a French trapping and trading empire.Colonization of the New WorldThe ruling class of Europe fell upon this rich land greedily. Only fifty years after Columbuss first voyage, the Spanish and Portuguses had overrun the vast land of what is now called Latin America.English E
11、xploration In 1497 John Cabot sailed west to try to discover the Northwest Passage. Drake was one of the most famous “seadogs,“ or pirates. On one trip in 1577 he traveled as far north in the Pacific and the present American-Canadian border and was then driven by weather to a bay just north of San F
12、rancisco, now referred to as Drakes Bay, where he left a plate as evidence of discovery.English Settlement during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the English in growing numbers concluded that the New World was their best opportunity. The Enclosure Movement of the 1500s. “Hark, hark, the dogs do bark,
13、the beggars are coming to town.“ “Why man, all their cooking pans are pure gold.“3In 1578 Humphrey Gilbert acquired a charter from Queen Elizabeth to settle “remote heathen and barbarous land.“ Walter Raleigh sent out 117 men, women, and children to establish a colony on Roanoke Island, off the coas
14、t of North Carolina. Jamestown: In 1607, Jamestown was founded on the lower reaches of the Chesapeake Bay on a low swampy island.Within the first 6 months the population of 104 was cut in half.“dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold” but no gold was to be found.Great famine: man ate his wife.Ne
15、w England Colonies The Pilgrim Fathers: Plymouth. 1620 in a tiny ship called the “Mayflower”. 102 people. The Mayflower CompactThanksgiving New England Colonies Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, After America won its independence, two other states were created in their proximi
16、ty with the names of Maine and Vermont Rhode Island and Connecticut were established by dissatisfied Puritans.Maryland Maryland was granted by Charles I to his friend Lord Baltimore as a refuge for English Catholics. Pennsylvaniafounded by another group of English Puritans called Quakers, or the Soc
17、iety of Friends. In 1682 William Penn arrived in America on the ship Welcome and soon established one of the most liberal colonies, Pennsylvania, with its Quaker emphasis on religious and civil liberty. New York, New Jersey and Delawarewere not started by the English colonists. New York and New Jers
18、ey were first colonized by the Dutch, while Delaware was founded by the Swedish. South Carolina and North Carolinawere originally given by Charles II to eight of his close supporters. Georgia was the last of the thirteen English American colonies. A charter was obtained from King George II, and in 1
19、733 Georgia, the criminal colony, was settled. The Slave Trade triangular trade: because ship passage initially went from the colonies to the African coast and then to the West Indies or the South in shape of a triangle. The sixty-day voyage, or “middle passage,“ from Africa , which ended in the Wes
20、t Indies 4or the American mainland, was a living hell for the slaves and one of the cruelest aspects of colonial slavery. Mouth opener, suicide, revolt insurance, to keep the hands of the dead slaves to receive damages. There were instances where more than two-thirds of the slaves on a ship were dead by the time it arrive at the West Indies; the loss of half was not at all unusual. Some 50 million Africans died in transit. Ten million did survive to make it to Europe and to America. Governmental and Social Structures of the 13 ColoniesEconomic Structure of the 13 Cononies
