1、乙醚的性质 1. 乙醚为无色、透明、易流动的液体，挥发性极大，它的蒸气有芳香味，但有麻醉性。沸点 34.6、凝固点116，所以能耐剧冷而不凝冻。比重很轻，在 15时为 0.720。微溶于水，能溶于乙醇、苯、氯仿等有机溶剂中。常用有机溶剂共沸点溶剂 沸点/ 共沸点/ 含水量/% 氯仿 61.2 56.1 2.5 甲苯 110.5 85.0 20四氯化碳 77.0 66.0 4.0 正丙醇 97.2 87.7 28.8苯 80.4 69.2 8.8 异丁醇 108.4 89.9 88.2丙稀腈 78.0 70.0 13.0 二甲苯 137-40.5 92.0 37.5二氯乙烷 83.7 72.0
2、19.5 正丁醇 117.7 92.2 37.5乙睛 82.0 76.0 16.0 吡啶 115.5 94.0 42乙醇 78.3 78.1 4.4 异戊醇 131.0 95.1 49.6乙酸乙酯 77.1 70.4 8.0 正戊醇 138.3 95.4 44.7异丙醇 82.4 80.4 12.1 氯乙醇 129.0 97.8 59.0乙醚 35 34 1.0 二硫化碳 46 44 2.0甲酸 101 107 26 溶剂 mp bp D420 nD20 Acetic acid 乙酸 17 118 1.049 1.3716 6.15 12.9 1.68 Acetone 丙酮 -95 56 0.
3、788 1.3587 20.7 16.2 2.85 Acetonitrile 乙腈 -44 82 0.782 1.3441 37.5 11.1 3.45 Anisole 苯甲醚 -3 154 0.994 1.5170 4.33 33 1.38 Benzene 苯 5 80 0.879 1.5011 2.27 26.2 0.00 Bromobenzene 溴苯 -31 156 1.495 1.5580 5.17 33.7 1.55 Carbon disulfide 二硫化碳 -112 46 1.274 1.6295 2.6 21.3 0.00 Carbon tetrachloride 四氯化碳
4、-23 77 1.594 1.4601 2.24 25.8 0.00 Chlorobenzene 氯苯 -46 132 1.106 1.5248 5.62 31.2 1.54 Chloroform 氯仿 -64 61 1.489 1.4458 4.81 21 1.15 Cyclohexane 环己烷 6 81 0.778 1.4262 2.02 27.7 0.00 Dibutyl ether 丁醚 -98 142 0.769 1.3992 3.1 40.8 1.18 o Dichlorobenzene 邻二氯苯 -17 181 1.306 1.5514 9.93 35.9 2.27 1,2-D
5、ichloroethane 1，2-二氯乙烷 -36 84 1.253 1.4448 10.36 21 1.86 Dichloromethane 二氯乙烷 -95 40 1.326 1.4241 8.93 16 1.55 Diethylamine 二乙胺 -50 56 0.707 1.3864 3.6 24.3 0.92 Diethyl ether 乙醚 -117 35 0.713 1.3524 4.33 22.1 1.30 1,2-Dimethoxyethane 1，2- 二甲氧基乙烷 -68 85 0.863 1.3796 7.2 24.1 1.71 N,N Dimethylacetami
6、de N，N-二甲基乙酰胺 -20 166 0.937 1.4384 37.8 24.2 3.72 N,N DimethylformamideN，N-二甲基甲酰胺 -60 152 0.945 1.4305 36.7 19.9 3.86 Dimethyl sulfoxide 二甲基亚砜 19 189 1.096 1.4783 46.7 20.1 3.90 1,4-Dioxane 1，4- 二氧六环 12 101 1.034 1.4224 2.25 21.6 0.45 Ethanol 乙醇 -114 78 0.789 1.3614 24.5 12.8 1.69 Ethyl acetate 乙酸乙酯
7、 -84 77 0.901 1.3724 6.02 22.3 1.88 Ethyl benzoate 苯甲酸乙酯 -35 213 1.050 1.5052 6.02 42.5 2.00 Formamide 甲酰胺 3 211 1.133 1.4475 111.0 10.6 3.37 Hexamethylphosphoramide 7 235 1.027 1.4588 30.0 47.7 5.54 Isopropyl alcohol 异丙醇 -90 82 0.786 1.3772 17.9 17.5 1.66 isopropyl ether 异丙醚 -60 68 1.36 Methanol 甲醇
8、 -98 65 0.791 1.3284 32.7 8.2 1.70 2-Methyl-2-propanol 2-甲基-2-丙醇 26 82 0.786 1.3877 10.9 22.2 1.66 Nitrobenzene 硝基苯 6 211 1.204 1.5562 34.82 32.7 4.02 Nitromethane 硝基甲烷 -28 101 1.137 1.3817 35.87 12.5 3.54 Pyridine 吡啶 -42 115 0.983 1.5102 12.4 24.1 2.37 tert-butyl alcohol 叔丁醇 25.5 82.5 1.3878 Tetrah
9、ydrofuran 四氢呋喃 -109 66 0.888 1.4072 7.58 19.9 1.75 Toluene 甲苯 -95 111 0.867 1.4969 2.38 31.1 0.43 Trichloroethylene 三氯乙烯 -86 87 1.465 1.4767 3.4 25.5 0.81 Triethylamine 三乙胺 -115 90 0.726 1.4010 2.42 33.1 0.87 Trifluoroacetic acid 三氟乙酸 -15 72 1.489 1.2850 8.55 13.7 2.26 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol 2， 2，2-
10、三氟乙醇 -44 77 1.384 1.2910 8.55 12.4 2.52 Water 水 0 100 0.998 1.3330 80.1 3.7 1.82 o -Xylene 邻二甲苯 -25 144 0.880 1.5054 2.57 35.8 0.62Common Organic Solvents: Table of Properties1,2,3Solvent formula MW boiling point (C) melting point (C) density (g/mL) solubility in water (g/100g) Dielectric Constant3,
11、4 flash point (oC) acetic acid C2H4O2 60.05 118 16.6 1.049 Miscible 6.15 39 acetone C3H6O 58.08 56.2 -94.3 0.786 Miscible 20.7(25) -18 acetonitrile C2H3N 41.05 81.6 -46 0.786 Miscible 37.5 6 Solvent formula MW boiling point (C) melting point (C) density (g/mL) solubility in water (g/100g) Dielectric
12、 Constant3,4 flash point (oC) benzene C6H6 78.11 80.1 5.5 0.879 0.18 2.28 -11 1-butanol C4H10O 74.12 117.6 -89.5 0.81 6.3 17.8 35 2-butanol C4H10O 74.12 98 -115 0.808 15 15.8(25) 26 2-butanone C4H8O 72.11 79.6 -86.3 0.805 25.6 18.5 -7 t-butyl alcohol C4H10O 74.12 82.2 25.5 0.786 Miscible 12.5 11 car
13、bon tetrachloride CCl4 153.82 76.7 -22.4 1.594 0.08 2.24 - chlorobenzene C6H5Cl 112.56 131.7 -45.6 1.1066 0.05 2.71 29 chloroform CHCl3 119.38 61.7 -63.7 1.498 0.795 4.81 - cyclohexane C6H12 84.16 80.7 6.6 0.779 0.1 2.02 -20 1,2-dichloroethane C2H4Cl2 98.96 83.5 -35.3 1.245 0.861 10.42 13 diethyl et
14、her C4H10O 74.12 34.6 -116.3 0.713 7.5 4.34 -45 diethylene glycol C4H10O3 106.12 245 -10 1.118 10 31.7 143 diglyme (diethylene glycol dimethyl ether) C6H14O3 134.17 162 -68 0.943 Miscible 7.23 67 1,2-dimethoxy- ethane (glyme, DME) C4H10O2 90.12 85 -58 0.868 Miscible 7.2 -6 dimethylether C2H6O 46.07
15、-22 -138.5 NA NA NA -41 dimethyl- formamide (DMF) C3H7NO 73.09 153 -61 0.944 Miscible 36.7 58 dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) C2H6OS 78.13 189 18.4 1.092 25.3 47 95 dioxane C4H8O2 88.11 101.1 11.8 1.033 Miscible 2.21(25) 12 ethanol C2H6O 46.07 78.5 -114.1 0.789 Miscible 24.6 13 ethyl acetate C4H8O2 88.11
16、77 -83.6 0.895 8.7 6(25) -4 ethylene glycol C2H6O2 62.07 195 -13 1.115 Miscible 37.7 111 glycerin C3H8O3 92.09 290 17.8 1.261 Miscible 42.5 160 heptane C7H16 100.20 98 -90.6 0.684 0.01 1.92 -4 Hexamethylphosphoramide C6H18N3O 179.20 232.5 7.2 1.03 Miscible 31.3 105 Solvent formula MW boiling point (
17、C) melting point (C) density (g/mL) solubility in water (g/100g) Dielectric Constant3,4 flash point (oC) (HMPA) P Hexamethylphosphorous triamide (HMPT) C6H18N3P 163.20 150 -44 0.898 Miscible ? 26 hexane C6H14 86.18 69 -95 0.659 0.014 1.89 -22 methanol CH4O 32.04 64.6 -98 0.791 Miscible 32.6(25) 12 m
18、ethyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) C5H12O 88.15 55.2 -109 0.741 5.1 ? -28 methylene chloride CH2Cl2 84.93 39.8 -96.7 1.326 1.32 9.08 1.6 N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) CH5H9NO 99.13 202 -24 1.033 10 32 91 nitromethane CH3NO2 61.04 101.2 -29 1.382 9.50 35.9 35 pentane C5H12 72.15 36.1 -129.7 0.626 0.04 1.84
19、-49 Petroleum ether (ligroine) - - 30-60 -40 0.656 - - -30 1-propanol C3H8O 88.15 97 -126 0.803 Miscible 20.1(25) 15 2-propanol C3H8O 88.15 82.4 -88.5 0.785 Miscible 18.3(25) 12 pyridine C5H5N 79.10 115.2 -41.6 0.982 Miscible 12.3(25) 17 tetrahydrofuran (THF) C4H8O 72.11 66 -108.4 0.886 30 7.6 -21 t
20、oluene C7H8 92.14 110.6 -93 0.867 0.05 2.38(25) 4 triethyl amine C6H15N 101.19 88.9 -114.7 0.728 0.02 2.4 -11 water H2O 18.02 100.00 0.00 0.998 - 78.54 - water, heavy D2O 20.03 101.3 4 1.107 Miscible ? - o-xylene C8H10 106.17 144 -25.2 0.897 Insoluble 2.57 32 m-xylene C8H10 106.17 139.1 -47.8 0.868 Insoluble 2.37 27 p-xylene C8H10 106.17 138.4 13.3 0.861 Insoluble 2.27 27
