1、PART IV PROOFREADINGif a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has influenced (6) their language; if we observe a child acquire language; if (7) we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; orif we are visually impaired or hearing- impaired or if we meetanyone else who is. As we s
2、hall see, all these examples (8) of what might be called “language in exceptional circumstance”reveal a great deal about the processes evolved in speaking, (9) listening, writing and reading. But given that language processeswere normally so automatic, we also need to carry out careful (10) experime
3、nts to get at what is happening.2013参考答案：1. production 改 producing2. 去掉 the3. of 后加 the most of time 意为时常 most of the time 绝大多数时间4. looking5. we 前加 that 强调句6. influenced 改 affected, influence 强调人或物对某人的影响，affect 强调因为某种作用对某人或某物产生的影响，本句中指中风这一动作行为对语言的影响7. acquire 改 acquiring observe sb. Doing sth.8. any
4、one 改 someone9. evolved 改 involved10. were 改 are2012 年The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely. The argument has been going since at least the first (1) _century B.C. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writersfavored certain kind of “free
5、” translation: the spirit, not the letter; the (2) _sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter not (3) _the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who (4) _wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of 19th (5) _century, when the study of cultura
6、l anthropology suggested thatthe linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language (6) _was entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible (7) _gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must be as (8) _literal as possible. This view culminated
7、 the statement of the (9) _extreme “literalists” Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation, thenature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed. Toooften, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified witheach other.
8、 Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains. (10) _ 2012参考答案：1 going since加入on 题解：go on的意思是“继续”，符合句子表达的含义“争论一直在继续”。2 certain改为a certain 题解：此处要表达的意思是 “很多作家喜欢一种自由的翻译方法”，第一次出现这种方法应该加上不定冠词。3 rather改为not 题解：根据原句的句子结构， rather应改为not。4 is 改为was 题解：此句应该为过去时。5 in 改为 at 题解：at the turn of 19th
9、century“十九世纪之初 ”，是固定搭配。6 the 删去第二个the 题解：这里并没有特指某种语言，所以不用定冠词。7 viewtranslation加入that 题解：在view和translation之间加上that，可将“translation was impossible”看成view 的同位语。8 was删去 was 题解：条件状语从句常可以省略主语和系动词。9 culminatedthe 加入in 题解：culminate in是“ 以告终”的意思，符合上下文含义。10. and 改为but 题解：根据原句意思 “现在背景变化了，但是基本问题依然存在”，两句话之间应该是转折关
10、系。2011 年From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, I knewthat when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages of about seventeen （1）_and twenty-four I tried to abandon this idea, but I did so with the conscious （2）_that I was outraging my true nature and that soon or later I should ha
11、ve to （3）_settle down and write books. I was the middle child of three, but there was a gap of five years on either side, and I barely saw my father before I was eight. For （4）_ this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely, and I soon developeddisagreeing mannerisms which made me unpopular throughou
12、t my （5）_schooldays. I had the lonely childs habit of making up stories andholding conversations with imaginative persons, and I think from （6）_ the very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the （7）_ feeling of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with words and a po
13、wer of facing in unpleasant facts, and I felt that （8）_ this created a sort of private world which I could get my own back （9）_ for my failure in everyday life. Therefore, the volume of serious （10）_ i.e. seriously intended writing which I produced all through my childhood and boyhood would not amou
14、nt to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation.2011参考答案：1. 在 grow 后加 up, 考固定短语2. 改 conscience 为 consciousness 考词语区别，conscience 翻译为“良心，道德心”, consciousness 翻译为“意识”3. 改 soon 为 sooner，sooner or later 是固定短语4. 在 child 前加 middle, 考上下文理解。 作者
15、是三个孩子句中的那位5. 改 disagreeing 为 disagreeable ，disagreeing 只能作动名词， 不能作形容词。disagreeable mannerisms 令人讨厌的习惯6. 改 imaginative 为 imaginary, 考词语区别 imaginative 翻译为“有想象力的”，imaginary 翻译为“想象的，虚构的”7. 改 literal 为 literary , 考词义区别， literal 翻译为“字面的”，literary 翻译为“文学方面的”8. 去掉 face 后的 in，face 接宾语时是及物动词。考动词的基本用法。9. 在 wor
16、ld 后加 in 或者改 which 为 where, 考定语从句10. 改 Therefore 为 However 或者 Nevertheless, 考语境。2010 年So far as we can tell, all human languages are equallycomplete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is,every language appears to be well equipped as any other （1）_to say the things their speakers want
17、to say. （2）_There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive （3）_peoples or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not all groups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics orpsychology or the cultivation of rice or the engraving of Benares brass. Whereas this is not the
18、 fault of their language. （4）_The Eskimos can speak about snow with further more （5）_precision and subtlety than we can in English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of thosesometimes miscalled primitive) is inherently more precise and subtlethan English. This example does not come to
19、 light a defect （6）_in English, a show of unexpected primitiveness. The position is simply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar environments. The English （7）_language will be just as rich in terms for similar kinds of snow, （8）_presumably, if the environments in which Engli
20、sh was habituallyused made such distinction as important. （9）_Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo languagecould be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture or cricket if these topics formed the part of the （10）_Eskimos life. 2010参考答案：1. be 后插入 as; asas 引导的比较级2. the
21、ir 改为 its; its 代替 every language3. There 改为 It; It 此处作为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式4. Whereas 改为 But ； 语境需要表示转折的连词， whereas 表示对比5. further 改为 much further 不能修饰比较级6. come 改为 bring; (sth.)come to light , bring sth. to light (bring to light the defect of English =bring the defect of English to light 揭示英语的缺陷 )7. s
22、imilar 改为 different; 根据语境应该用 different8. will 改为 would; 虚拟语气9. as important 去掉 as; 10. the part 去掉 the 或者改 the 为 a be/become/form (a) part of 是固定短语2009 年 The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passesfrom one school child to the next and illustrates the further difference (1)_between scho
23、ol lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse, learntin early childhood, is not usually passed on again when the little listener (2)_has grown up, and has children of their own, or even grandchildren. (3)_The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmittingit may be something from twenty
24、 to seventy years. With the playground (4)_lore, therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed on within the very hour (5)_it is learnt; and in the general, it passes between children of the (6)_same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in agebetween playmates to be more than five
25、 years. If, therefore, a playgroundrhyme can be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or (7)_even just for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitted over and over; very possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three (8)_hundred young hearers and tellers, and the wonder is th
26、at it remains live (9)_after so much handling, to let alone that it bears resemblance to the (10)_original wording. 2009参考答案：(1) the further difference 改为 a further difference（此次应该用不定冠词表示泛指）(2) 改 when 为 until, 结构 not.until 翻译为“直到才 ”(3)their 改为 his（代词与前文 a little listener 在单复数上保持一致）(4)something 改为 an
27、ything 此处指二十到七十的任何时段(5)therefore 改为 however （根据上下文逻辑关系）(6) in the general 去掉 the （习惯用法 in general 表示总的来说，一般不用冠词）(7) currently 改为 current （这里起的是表语的作用，需要形容词而不是副词）(8) it has passed 改为 it has been passed （与分号前的被动保持一致）(9) live 改为 alive alive 翻译为“ 鲜活的”，一般作补语； live 翻译为“现场转播的；活的”，一般作定语(10) to let alone 改为 l
28、et alone (let alone 为习惯搭配，意思是 “更不用说2008 年 The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is avery natural one, and in result language has played a prominent (1)_part in national moves. Men have often felt the need to cultivate (2) _a given language to show that they are distinctive from a
29、nother (3)_ race whose hegemony they resent. At the time the United States (4)_split off from Britain, for example, there were proposals thatindependence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a (5)_different language from those of Britain. There was even one (6)_ proposal that Americans sh
30、ould adopt Hebrew. Others favouredthe adoption of Greek, though, as one man put it, things wouldcertainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English (7)_ and made the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone (8)_ knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactorysolution o
31、f carrying with the same language as before. (9)_Since nearly two hundred years now, they have shown the world (10)_that political independence and national identity can be completewithout sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a commonlanguage.2008参考答案：1. in result 改成 in consequence， 2. move
32、s 改成 movements./ 去掉 have ?3. distinctive 改成 distinct 或 different/ a 改 their?4. 在 time 后加 when5. accepted 改成 realized/ by 改 with， with 表示行为动作的工具，后面的名词一般要加冠词，by 表示动作的手段，后面的名词一律不带冠词6. those 改成 that7. 删除 on,8. At 改成 In9. carrying with 改成 carrying on with10. now 改成 ago2007 年 From what has been said, it m
33、ust be clear that no one canmake very positive statements about how language originated.There is no material in any language today and in the earliest (1)_records of ancient languages show us language in a new and (2)_emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language (3)_originated in c
34、ries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the (4)_necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remotetribes, no ancient records, providing evidence ofa language with a large proportion of such cries (5)_than we find in English. It is true that the absenceof such evidence does not disprove
35、the theory, but in (6)_other grounds too the theory is not very attractive.People of all races and languages make rather similarnoises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that (7)_such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmenand Malaysians whose languages are utterly different,serves to empha
36、size on the fundamental difference (8)_between these noises and language proper. We maysay that the cries of pain or chortles of amusementare largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, (9)_whereas language proper does not consist of signsbut of these that have to be learnt and that are who
37、lly conventional. (10)_2007参考答案：1. 改 and 为 or, any language today or records of ancient languages 是并列成分，在否定句中用 or2. 改 show 为 showing, 现在分词作定语3. 删除 the, 表示泛指4. 改 and 为 but, 根据语境此处是转折5. 改 large 为 larger, 后面有 than, 应该用比较级6. 改 in 为 on, on other grounds “ 基于其它理由”，为固定搭配/ disprove 改 prove, prove 与后面构成转折关系？
38、7. 改 return 为 response , in response to “对作出反应 ”8. 删除 on, emphasize sth. emphasize 是及物动词 9. 在 large 前加 a, extent 是可数名词，前面要加冠词。 “to a large extent“翻译为“在很大程度上”10. 改 these 为 those those that/who 为固定形式2006 年 We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings. Each of us shares
39、with the community in which welive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as (1)_ to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular (2)_message: the English speaker has in his disposal vocabulary and a (3)_set of grammatical rules which enables him to communi
40、cate his (4)_thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English (5)_speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses activelyand that which he recognises, increases in size as he growsold as a result of education and experience. (6)_But, whether the language store is
41、 relatively small or large, the systemremains no more than a psychological reality for the individual, unlesshe has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another (7)_member of his linguistic community; he bas to give the system aconcrete transmission form. We take it for granted the t
42、wo most (8)_common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by ourvocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are (9)_among most striking of human achievements. (10)_2006参考答案：1. 改 agreeing 为 agreed agreed conventions 翻译为“习俗”2. words 前加 the, 此处为特指/ way 改 ways,与 conventions
43、对应, 可数名词?3. 改 in 为 at at ones disposal 为固定短语，翻译为“由某人做主”4. 改 enables 为 enable，定语从句与先行词 vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules 保持一致5. 删除 the, 此处需要泛指6. 改 old 为 older, 此处需要比较级7. 改 seen 为 understood，system 应该是被理解8. 删除 it take sth for granted take it for granted that9. 改 or 为 and ,语境需要并列关系而不需选择关系10. mo
44、st 前加 the, 形容词最高级中 that 一般不能省略2005 年 The University as BusinessA number of colleges and universities have announced steeptuition increases for next year much steeper than the current,very low rate of inflation. They say the increases are needed becauseof a loss in value of university endowments heav
45、ily investing in common (1) _stock. I am skeptical. A business firm chooses the price that maximizesits net revenues, irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the (2)_outlook of universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of (3) _business firms. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty (4)_increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of beingin the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a factor in (5) _graduate and professional-school tuition); the poor ones job prospects, (6 ) _
