1、冯特(Wilhelm Wundt,18321920)新心理学(new psychology)民族心理学(folk psychology)构造主义(或结构主义)(structuralism)内省法(introspection行为主义(behaviorism)实验心理学(experimental psychology)实验法(experimental method)自然观察法(naturalistic observation)普通心理学( general psychology ) 、生理心理学( physiologicalpsychology)、学习心理学(psychology of learni
2、ng)、认知心理学(cognitive psychology)、发展心理学(developmental psychology)、社会心理学(social psychology)、人格心理学(personality psychology)、工业心理学( industrial psychology ) 、教育心理学( educationalpsychology)、管理心理学(managerial psychology)武德沃斯和施洛斯贝格(Woodworth Schlosberg, 1954)变量(或变项)(variable)自变量( 或自变项)(independent variable,简称 I
3、.V.)因变量(或依变项)(dependent variable相关变量(relevant variable无关变量(或无关变项)(irrelevant variable,简称 I.V.)额外相关变量(extraneous relevant variable)控制变量(controlled variable)作业变量(task variable)实验环境(environment环境自变量(environmental independent variable被试者变量(或受试者变项)(subject variable)认知心理学(cognitive psychology讯息处理)(informa
4、tion processing)观察法(observation method)、临床法(clinical method)、问卷法(questionnaire method):刺激变量(或刺激变项)(stimulus variable)的确定及其呈现的方式,反应变量(或反应变项)(response variable混合设计(mixed design被试者内设计( 或受试者内设计、单组实验设计)( within subjects design)定时系列设计(time serial design)抵消实验条件的设计(reversal experimental condition design被试者间
5、设计(或组间法)(betweensubjects design)独立组设计( independent groups design)配对组设计(或对等组设计)(matchedgroups design共同作业(common task)亦称为先检验(或前测)(pretest)多自变量(或多自变项)(multiple independent variable)偶然误差(fortuitous error)或机误(chance error)系统误差(systematic error)集中趋势(central tendency)的集中量(或集中量数)(measure of central tendency
6、);表示离中趋势(variation)的差异量(measure of variation全距(或两极差)(range)四分差(quartile deviation百分位数(percentile)方差(或变异数、变差、均方)(variance)统计假设(statistical hypothesis)统计推理(或统计推论)(statistical inference)统计检验(statistical test)又称显著性检验(test of significance)t 检验(或t 检定)(t test)就是分辨随机差异与自变量引起的差异的手段之。当总体(或母体)(population)t 分布(
7、或t 分配)(t distribution)反应时间(或反应时)(reaction time,简称 RT侦察试验(detection test认知心理学(cognitive psychology信息加工(或讯息处理)(information processing)唐德斯反应时ABC(Donders ABC of reaction time)或唐德斯三成分说(Doders three components)唐德斯减数法(Donders subtractive method)心理物理学方法(或心理物理法)(psychophysical method)心理物理学(psychophysics)阈限(
8、threshold ) 这个重要概念。阈限可分为二种, 即绝对阈限(absolute limen,简称AL)和差别阈限(difference limen,简称DL极限法(limit method)又称最小变化法(minimal-change method)、序列探索法(method of serial exploration)、最小可觉差法(或最小差异法)(method of least difference常误(constant error)习惯误差(error of habituation)期望误差(error of anticipation)平均差误法(或均误法)(method of a
9、verage error)又称调整法(method of adjustment)、再造法(method of reproduction)、均等法(methodOf equation恒定刺激法(或固定刺激法)(method of constant stimulus)又叫正误法(true-false method)、次数法(frequency method感觉阈限(sensation threshold心理量表(psychological scales顺序量表(或序级量表)(ordinal scale 等级排列法(或等级法)(rank-order method对偶比较法(或配对比较法)(metho
10、d of paired comparison等距量表(equal interval scale差别阈限法(或差异阈限法)(differential threshold method信号检测论( 或讯号侦察论、讯号觉察论)( signal Detection theory,SDT)听觉掩蔽(auditory masking纯音掩蔽(pure tone masking知觉(perception)知觉的信息加工模型(或讯息处理论)(informationprocessing model)有效性(effectiveness):。(2)客观性(objectivity):。(3)数量化(quantizat
11、ion)格式塔学派( 或完形学派)(Gestaltschool)似动现象(apparent motion)知觉组织(perceptual organization组织完形法则(Gestalt laws of organization)接近法则(law of proximity)相似法则(law of similarity)好图形法则(law of good figure)连续(或连续法则)(law of continuity)对称(balance趋合(或闭合法则)(law of closure)共同的变化(common fate)错觉(illusion 不可能图形(或不合理图形)(imposs
12、ible figure线条错觉(linear illusion)横竖错觉(horizontal vertical illusion)大小错觉( size illusion ) 也就是知觉对比(perceptual contract形状错觉(shape illusion)自然错觉(natural illusion)月亮错觉(moon illusion)知觉的恒常性(perceptual constancy位置恒常性(或方向恒常性)(orientation constancy)大小恒常性(size constancy)形状恒常性(shape constancy)空间知觉(space percept
13、ion生理调节线索(physiological accommodation cues)单眼线索(monocular cues)真动知觉(或真实移动知觉)(real motion perception)运动知觉下阈(lower threshold of motion perception)。研究表明,运动知觉的下阈为2 分6 分/秒左右 运动知觉上阈(upper threshold of motion perception)。运动知觉上阈为35度/秒 似动现象(apparent motion)识记(或认知)(cognition)就是通常所说的“记住”,保持(或保留)(retention)回忆(r
14、ecall);再认(recognition)感觉记忆(或感官记忆) (sensory memory,简称SR)又称为瞬时记忆(immediate memory)短时记忆(shortterm memory,简称 STM回忆法(recall method)回忆法(recall method多重记忆结构(multiple memory form)外显记忆(explicit memory)内隐记忆(implicit memory)也被称作无意识记忆(或潜意识记忆)(unconsciousmem-ory)或无察觉记忆(unaware memory)也被称作无意识记忆(或潜意识记忆)(unconsciousmem-ory)或无察觉记忆(unaware memory)词干补笔(word-stem completion)知觉辨认 (perceptual ideotification任务比较方法学(task-comparison methodology就是用不同的测验任务来揭示同一自变量(或自变项)的不同作用.人们把不同测验任务产生相反结果的情形称为实验性分离(experimental dissociation),它是任务比较中最有意义的部分印象法(impression method 表现法(expression method)