1、 总结针对电子压力计失效的改进措施压力计和温度计是测试过程使用的主要仪器设备，而其发展也经历了从最初的低精度、单一品种的纯机械式结构到复杂的电子式结构的变革。随着电子电工技术的迅猛发展，具有高精度、高灵敏度、高集成性能的电子压力计如雨后春笋。目前，全国各大油田应用较为广泛的电子压力计多达数十种，而由于压力计的生产厂家众多、型号繁杂、仪器电池检测、识别和操作方式的不同，在使用过程中很容易造成混淆。另外，在矿藏层油气的勘探和开发生产过程中，由于电子压力计长期工作在恶劣环境之中，再加之仪器的选型不当、部件的性能不可靠及人为的操作失误都能造成电子压力计使用过程中的失效，甚至导致试采工艺的失败。因此对影
2、响井下电子压力计失效的主要因素进行分析和预防具有非常重要的现实意义。Pressure gauge and thermometer is the main instrument of testing process using equipment, and its development has experienced from the initial low precision, a single variety of pure mechanical structure to the complex electronic structure changes. With the rapid de
3、velopment of electronic electrician technology, high precision, high sensitivity, high http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ integration performance of electronic pressure gauge have sprung up. Has been widely applied at present, the national major oil fields and as many as dozens of electronic pressure gauge
4、, and because many in the manufacturer of the pressure gauge, model is multifarious, instrument battery detection, identification and the different methods of operation, in use process is easy to cause confusion. In addition, the mineral layer of oil and gas exploration and development and productio
5、n process, due to the electronic pressure gauge long-term work under bad environment, coupled with improper instrument selection, the performance of the parts is not reliable and human error can be caused in the process of using electronic pressure gauge failure, and even lead to the failure of the
6、pre-production process. So the main factors of affecting the downhole electronic pressure gauge failure analysis and prevention has very important practical significance. 2、工作原理及性能指标2, working principle and performance indexes http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 2.1、工作原理2.1, the working principle 电子压力计是一种主要
7、用于油气田矿层压力和温度值测量的高精密的电子仪器。其核心部件是压力传感器和温度传感器，由于压力计的工作环境恶劣多变，因此感应元件的制作需要选用符合深层井下作业的耐高温、高压的特殊材料以确保电子电压计的精确度和可靠性。根据压力传感器和温度传感器的应变电桥原理，压力计的振荡电路在井下地层压力和温度的共同影响作用下，将被测矿层的压力值、温度值转化为电路系统识别电阻值及电压值，并由振荡电路整频转换为计算机识别的电流频率值信号，再经软件校正处理，折算成测试人员需要的井下压力和温度数据。从以上的构成原理可见，电子压力计的核心回路共包含两个测量电路：压力测量电路和温度测量电路。Electronic pres
8、sure meter is a kind of is mainly used for oil and gas deposits of pressure and temperature measurement of high precision electronic instruments. Its core part is the pressure sensor and temperature sensor, due to the bad http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ working conditions and changeful pressure gauge, s
9、o choose conforms to the deep underground work required for production of sensing elements of resistance to high temperature and high pressure of special material to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the electronic voltmeter. According to the principle of pressure sensor and temperature sensor
10、of strain bridge, pressure gauge of the oscillation circuit in downhole formation under the influence of pressure and temperature, the pressure value and temperature value of the test bed into a circuit system identification resistance and voltage value, and the oscillation circuit the whole convers
11、ion frequency values for computer recognition of current signals, then through software correction processing, convert testers need data of downhole pressure and temperature. Visible from the composition of the above principle, the core of the electronics pressure gauge circuit consists of two total
12、 measurement circuit, circuit of pressure measurement and temperature measurement circuit. 2.2、性能技术指标http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 2.2, performance, technical indicators 电子压力计具有高灵敏度、高精确度、高可靠性的特点，其性能技术指标如下：Electronic pressure gauge has the characteristics of high sensitivity, high accuracy, high reliab
13、ility, its technical performance indicators are as follows: 2.2.1、精确度2.2.1, accuracy 在压力计无误差时的理想状态下，压力计标准曲线应为一次曲线，但是由于受到地层中诸多因素的影响，压力计的实际图谱走线为二次或三次曲线。正常工作状态下，压力计测量允许的精确度误差为4psi。When there is no error in the pressure gauge of ideal state, the pressure gauge standard curve should be a curve, but due t
14、o many factors in the formation, the influence of the pressure gauge of actual map go line for quadratic or cubic http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ curve. Under normal working state, the pressure gauge allows the accuracy of the measurement error of plus or minus 4 psi. 2.2.2、迟滞性2.2.2, hysteresis 迟滞性指的是压力
15、计在测量过程中从正反两个方向接近同一目标测量值时所显示数据的最大差值，迟滞性误差与压力计传感器使用的材料、制造安装水平及使用环境有很大关系。正常工作状态下，压力计允许的迟滞性测量误差为2psi。Hysteresis sex refers to the pressure gauge in the process of measuring from the positive and negative two direction is close to the same goal maximum difference in the measured values shows the data, th
16、e hysteresis error and pressure meter sensor materials used, manufacturing installation level and using the environment has a lot to do. Normal working state, the pressure gauge allows the hysteresis of measurement error was plus or minus 2 psi. http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 2.2.3、重复性2.2.3, repeatabil
17、ity 重复性误差是指压力计在全测量范围内和同一工作条件下,同一操作者从同方向对同一输入压力值进行多次连续测量所获得的随机误差，重复性误差与压力计使用的地层环境及传感器材料有关。正常工作状态下，压力计允许的重复性测量误差为3psi。Refers to the pressure gauge repeatability error within the range of measurement and under the same working conditions, the same operator many times from the same direction on the same
18、 input pressure value by continuous measurement random error, repeatability error and pressure gauge is related to the formation environment and sensor material used. Normal working state, the pressure gauge allows the repeatability of the measurement error was plus or minus 3 psi. 2.2.4、分辨率http:/ h
19、ttp:/ http:/ http:/ 2.2.4, resolution 分辨率指的是当测量的目标压力值变化时，压力计所能识别的最小输入量的变化值。正常工作状态下，压力计分辨率为 0.02psi。Resolution refers to when measuring changes in target pressure value, pressure gauge can identify changes in value of the minimum input. Normal working state, the pressure gauge resolution of 0.02 psi.
20、 3、 电子压力计的应用现状3, the present situation of the application of electronic pressure gauge 3.1、电子压力计的分类3.1, the classification of electronic pressure gauge 电子压力计按照试井、测井工艺可分为地面直读式电子http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 压力计、井下存储式电子压力计及新型直读式电子压力计。Electronic pressure gauge according to well testing, well logging tech
21、nology can be divided into surface direct-reading electronic pressure gauge, underground storage electronic pressure meter and a new direct reading type electronic pressure gauge. 3.1.1、地面直读式电子压力计3.1.1, surface direct-reading electronic pressure gauge 地面直读式压力计是指采用地面直读测试技术将电子压力计随同测井工具一共投入被测井中，之后从井口下入
22、信号电缆进行对接，电子压力计将被测矿层的压力及温度的变化通过信号电缆传输到地面的计算机系统，在计算机上通过操作软件显示、读出并实时的对被测矿层的数据进行处理和分析。Ground direct reading type pressure gauge refers to the use of ground direct reading test technology to electronic http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ pressure gauge with logging tools were put into by logging in later from th
23、e wellhead to butt into the signal cable, electronic pressure gauge of the seam will be test pressure and temperature changes in the computer system through the signal transmission cable to the ground, by operating on the computer software display, read the seam to be measured and real-time data pro
24、cessing and analysis. 3.1.2、井下存储式电子压力计3.1.2, underground storage electronic pressure gauge 井下存储式压力计是指采用井下存储测试技术将由单片机系统组成的存储记录仪及供电电池与电子压力计进行捆绑集成，并随同测试工具投入被测井，存储记录仪的单片机系统按照预先设定的采集存储程序将电子压力计感应到的矿层中压力及温度的变化存储在存储器中，测试任务结束后， 酿酒设备将电子压力计从井口取出，并与计算机相连，系统将按照预定的操作程序将记录仪中存储的压力及温度数据进行回放。Underground storage type
25、pressure gauge refers to the http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ underground storage testing technology will be composed of a single-chip computer system storage instrument and power supply battery bundled integrated with electronic pressure gauge, and along with the test tools into by logging, storage inst
26、rument of single-chip microcomputer system according to the preset collection storage program will electronic pressure gauge sensing seam in pressure and temperature changes are stored in memory, after the testing tasks, the electronic pressure gauge from the wellhead, and connected to the computer,
27、 the system will be in accordance with the scheduled procedures will be stored in the pressure and temperature data of recorder playback. 3.2、电子压力计的失效3.2, the failure of electronic pressure gauge 由于电子压力计需要长期在高压、高温等恶劣的地质工况下使用，加之其组成部件本身容易老化，这些外部因素及内部因素都可以导致压力计的测量误差。而试油、试采工艺对压力计的精度、分辨率及稳定性等技术参数都有较高的要求，
28、因此使用过程中较大的测量误差就会http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 使压力计的测量值严重的偏离实际值，从而导致了电子压力计的失效。压力计在使用过程中导致失效的原因主要有以下几种：Because electronic pressure meter need long-term under the poor geological conditions of high pressure and high temperature, used, together with the components itself is easy to aging, the external fac
29、tors and internal factors can lead to measurement error of pressure gauge. Test and pre-production process on accuracy, resolution and stability of the pressure gauge and other technical parameters have high requirements, so large measuring error in use process will make the measured value of the pr
30、essure gauge serious deviation from the actual value, which leads to the failure of electronic pressure gauge. Pressure gauge in the cause of failure in use process basically has the following kinds: （1）、性能不稳定(1), the performance is not stable 电子压力计的核心部件是压力传感器、温度传感器、微http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 处理器、
31、存储器；主要构成电路为：信号放大电路、数据转换电路、振荡电路。这些电子元件及电路都会在剧烈震动的情况下导致电子压力计的失效。The core component of electronic pressure gauge is pressure sensors, temperature sensors, microprocessors, memory; Main components circuit is: the signal amplifying circuit, data conversion circuit, oscillating circuit. These electronic c
32、omponents and circuits in the case of violent vibration lead to the failure of electronic pressure gauge. （2） 、测量数据紊乱(2), the measurement data is disorder 电子压力计数据接口操作软件的不成熟及电路的内置电池能量不足都会导致压力计采集的压力及温度数据与测试时间的非对应性关系，这种况且称之为电子压力计的数据紊乱。Electronic pressure meter data interface operating software of immat
33、ure and circuit of the built-in battery power http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ shortage will result in pressure and temperature data from the gauge and the test time of correspondence relationship, this also called electronic pressure gauge data disorder. （3） 、非点(3), the point 电子压力计的另外一种失效形式是非点，指的是压力计所采集
34、的数据即温度值、压力值严重失真，大幅度偏离正常值，导致压力计测量曲线的扭曲变形。海吉布在实际测试过程中，共有 2 种非点形式：一种是可以通过修正、删除部分失真点而获得正常测试曲线的少数非点；另一种是无法通过修改、删点等技术手段祛除影响而恢复正常测试曲线的非点。前一种非点我们可以称之为采点偏差，而后一种情况我们称之为电子压力计的非点失效。Another failure mode of the electronic pressure gauge is points, refers to the pressure gauge of the collected data as a serious di
35、stortion, temperature and pressure values greatly deviate from the normal, cause the distortion of the http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ pressure gauge measuring curve shape. In the process of actual test, there are 2 kinds of non point form: one kind is can amend, delete part distortion point and normal
36、test curve less points; Another is fail to modify, delete and other technical means to remove and restore normal test curve of the point. Before we can call it a kind of point by point deviation, and then a situation in which we call it electronic pressure gauge of the point of failure. （4） 、数据未写入或未
37、采全(4), not write or not collect all data 支配电子压力计数据处理的核心部件是带有固定储存容量的的微处理器，因而在对压力计的硬件进行编程时，必须合理的设置计数器的时序，并要综合考虑寄存器的储存容量，使系统在计划的采集时间内能够按序的读写，同时要确保数据的存入数量，防止溢出，避免造成测试的失败。Dominate electronic pressure gauge data processing core unit is fixed with a storage capacity of microprocessors, http:/ http:/ http:/
38、 http:/ and so on pressure gauge hardware programming, must be reasonable set the timing of counter, and to comprehensively consider the register storage capacity, make the system in the plan of the collection time to read and write in order, at the same time to ensure that the deposited in the numb
39、er of data, to prevent overflow, avoid to cause the test failure. (5) 、超量程(5), ultra range 超量程使用是导致电子压力计失效的又一原因，如果在测试前没有选择好适合被测井段工况的压力计，有可能在测试深井的过程中造成传感器的损坏而导致电子压力计的失效。Outrange use is another reason lead to failure of electronic http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ pressure gauge, if there is no choice befor
40、e the test is good for well logging condition of pressure gauge, is likely in the test in the process of deep well cause the damage of the sensor and led to the failure of electronic pressure gauge. (6) 、电池钝化(6), battery passivation 电子压力计的供电装置通常为高温锂电池，而在出厂前为了防止电池的自然放电要在其特性表面形成一层钝化保护膜，而锂电池的这种特性会导致其在低
41、温段电压不稳定，测量井下数据时容易造成采点异常，甚至会出现不可修复的非点失效和数据紊乱。Electronic pressure gauge of the power supply device for high temperature lithium battery normally, and to prevent the natural discharge the battery before they go out to form a passivation layer on the surface of protective film on its properties, and the
42、 characteristics of lithium battery can cause the voltage is not stable at low temperatures, the measurement of downhole data is likely to cause abnormal http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ point, can appear even irreparable data point failure and disorder. (7) 、泄露(7), reveal 从技术上分析，泄露是导致电子压力计失效的主要因素。实际应用过程
43、中井下压力计有三处容易出现泄露现象：首先是传感器的导压点附近；其次是密封核心电路板的密封仓；第三处是仪器与测井钢缆连接的部分。导压点附近的密封主要由制造工艺来保证，通常在高精度的机床加工中心，通过精心设计结构参数，能保证在导压点附近承受井下的高压而不漏水；密封仓采用的是 o 型圈密封技术，同样高精度的机械加工，能够保证压力计的深井耐压能力；仪器与钢缆连接部分是最容易引起泄露的地方。在安装过程中仪器与钢缆的连接，我们通常称之为“铠装 ”。这一工 艺过程必须保证以下几点：From the technical analysis, leakage is the main factor that cau
44、se the failure of electronic pressure gauge. Practical application in the process of downhole pressure gauge has http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ three places prone to leaking phenomenon: first is the guide of sensor near pressure; The second is that sealing core circuit board seal warehouse; In the thir
45、d place is part of the instrument is connected to the logging cables. Guide pressure near the point of sealing mainly by the manufacturing process to ensure that, usually in a high precision machine tool processing center, through the elaborate design structural parameters, can guarantee the pilot p
46、ressure near borehole under high pressure without leakage; Seal is o ring seal technologies used in warehouse, same high precision mechanical processing, can guarantee the pressure gauge of deep well compression capacity; Instruments and wire connection part is where the most easy to cause leakage. During the installation process equipment and wire connectio
