1、第四讲英汉否定结构的理解与翻译,1. 否定句式2. 否定词3. 含否定义的词,客观事物是思维的基础 客观事物在人的脑海形成映像,再通过语言表述,这一过程中必然会产生对客观事物肯定或否定的判断。因此,英汉两种语言都不乏否定的句子。英语的否定句,有的几乎可作字比句次的汉译。例如: He is not a student.(他不是一个学生。),但是,有些否定结构对翻译而言,有如陷阱。如果对否定说法的语言现象缺乏足够的认识,思考不周密就冒然动笔,往往产生失误,所以,我们在翻译否定结构的句子时,要推敲再三,把握原意之后才下笔翻译。此外,还应根据上下文提供的语境,恰当地运用正说,反说技巧,正确传达原文的语
2、气。,(一)“Yes”不等于“是”,“NO”不等于“不”;“点头”不等于表示“同意”,“摇头”不等于表示“反对”。例如:1“He hasnt much faith.” “No.” the old man said, “But we have, havent we.”“他没有多大信心。”“是的,”老头儿说,“可是我们有,你说对不?”2. She (mother) pursed her lips, “we do not,” she reminded us gently, “want to go to the bank.” We all shook our heads.妈噘起嘴,轻声提醒我们,“咱们
3、最好别动用存款。”我们大家都点了点头。,3. When Smith pointed out that he had spread the rumor, he vehemently retorted, “No! No!”当史密斯指出,是他散布这个谣言时,他激烈地反驳说:“没那回事!没那回事!”,(二)英语否定移位,汉译时复位。英语否定移位是个特殊的语言现象,要予以重视。英语民族在这点上与我们的思维方式和表达方式不同。下面是英语中否定词与一些词或词组搭配后产生移位现象的总结。1Not + because 例如:I do not despise him because he is poorly dr
4、essed.我并没因为他穿得不象样就瞧不起他。,Thatcher said, “I do not say this because I believe that we should be in any way provocative towards the Soviet Union or anyone else.”撒切尔说:“我这样说,并不是因为我认为我们应该对苏联或其他任何人采取任何挑衅的态度。” West Germany was not rejecting the proposal because it was not a signatory of the four-power agree
5、ment on Berlin.西德之所以拒绝这个建议,并非因为它不是四国柏林协定的签字国。,注意:not + because这一句式经常会引起误译。因为有时候英美人用这一句式造的句子,思路与我们一致,所以,翻译时我们需要根据上下文推敲语义,进行逻辑思维。以下示例中,否定词没有移位。例如:He didnt go to school yesterday, because he had fallen ill.因为突然病了,昨天他没去上学。Political analysts were convinced that many Basques did not vote because they fear
6、ed retribution.有些政治分析家认为,许多巴斯克人没有投票,因为他们害怕事后遭受惩罚。,一般情况下,如果不发生移位,通常because引导的从句与主句之间用逗号“,”隔开,或在because前加强调词 only, simply等。但是我们知道,语言现象是无法像数学公式那样严格地表述的,上边讲的情况,也非时时如此,全都如此。因此,判断not + because的句式中是否发生了否定移位,主要根据上下文和看逐词直译出来后,文理通不通。,例如:The mountain is not valuable because it is high.如译成:山并不可贵,因为它高。言外之意就是:山一高
7、就没价值了。显然,文理不通,也不合事理。故正确的译文是:山之可贵,不在其高。或:山不以高为贵。2Not + 不定式或不定式短语 例如:One does not live to eat, but eats to live. 活着不是为了吃饭,而吃饭则是为了能活着。He said, “Now, look, I didnt come here to get along with you guys. Youre going to have to get along with me.”他说,“喂,伙计们,我到这儿来不是来听你们的,该是你们听我的。”,They dont come to see you k
8、illed.他们到这儿来不是来看你完蛋的。He is not giving the present in order to flatter her.他要送她这份礼物并不是为了讨她的欢心。此式和上式一样,也容易发生歧义。例如:I dont go to the hospital to see him.如果没有上下文或一定的语境,这句话可表达两个意思: a. 我没去那家医院是为了要见他。 b. 我上那医院去,并不是为了去看他。,只有根据上下文,我们才能判断是否发生了否定移位。3Not + 介词短语 例如: At the time, people did not donate what they po
9、ssessed for money.那时候,人们拿出家藏之物,并非是为了金钱。 We dont read revolutionary novels for amusement.我们阅读革命小说并非是为了消遣。,4Not + as if /as though 例如:a. You certainly dont look as if there is something wrong.可以肯定,你看上去不象得了什么病。b. Harlem cannot be isolated as though its problems were somehow unique and unparalleled by a
10、ny similar phenomena in the rest of the national and world society.哈莱姆不能因为好象它的问题有点独特,在全国和世界范围的其他地方找不到类似情况而被孤立开来。,5. I dont think/feel/expect/believe/suppose/consider/remember用这一句式造的句子中通常都发生否定移位,而且这类句子的使用频率很高。例如:I dont think he will come.我看,他不会来了。 I didnt remember you borrowing money from me.我记得,你没向我
11、借过钱。,(三)英语的修辞性疑问句可以正说或反说法译出,但注意要使译文表达原文的语气。 例如: Cant you give me another chance to try?反说:你不能再给我一次机会试一试吗?正说:请再给我一次机会试一试嘛。 Isnt the machine working?反说:这部机器不是明明在运转吗?正说:这部机器仍在运转嘛。悦耳。,(四)双重否定 否定 + 否定(制约同一意念)= 肯定这是人类各族语言几乎共有的一种语言现象,反映了人类思维的一个共同之处。双重否定既可用来表示强调,也可用来表示委婉,可视为一种绕弯子的说法。凡是一个否定词与另一个否定词(包括含蓄否定词)搭
12、配,共同制约一个意念所构成的句子,均可视为双重否定句。翻译时,要注意根据上下文或具体语境,恰当地运用正说、反说技巧,考虑汉语的行文习惯,将原文的精神实质译出。附带说一下,我们这里提到的含蓄否定词是泛指一切隐含否定意义的词,不论它属于语法中哪一类的词。,1. a negative + but在这一句式中,but一字可作连词、代词、介词、关系代词使用。请注意学习下面的示例,领悟这类句子的译法。She never comes but she brings some sweets for the children.她每次来,必带些糖果给孩子们。We never talk of Marx but we
13、think of Engels.我们一谈起马克思,就会想到恩格斯。They never meet but they quarrel with each other.他们没有一次相遇是不争吵的。,在以上示例中,but作连词用。这种句式可进一步变化成:a negative + so + but (or, but that/but what )例如:There is nothing so secret but it comes to light.任何秘密终归是会暴露的。 No one is so old but that he may learn.年纪再大,也能学习。I was not so dul
14、l but what I had my own thoughts.我并非笨得连自己的想法都没有了。 It was not such a cold night but we could go out.那天夜里并不是冷得我们出不了门。,这种句式中but引导的内容可被without-phrase替换。例如:We never talk of Marx but we think of Engels. = We never talk of Marx without thinking of Engels.我们一谈起马克思,就会想到恩格斯。I never pass that house but I think
15、 of my miserable life in the old society. = I never pass that house without thinking of my miserable life in the old society. 每次经过那幢房子,我都会想起在旧社会过的苦难生活。,There is no one but errs.(= There is no one who does not make mistakes.)人皆有错。(正说)没有任何一个人始终不犯错误。(反说)There is not a heart but has its moments of longi
16、ng, yearning for something better, nobler and holier that it knows before.人心无不有其向往的时刻,向往比眼前更美好,更高尚,更圣洁的东西。一轮谈判了。),上面这一句式中的but作代词使用。下面句式中的but作关系代词使用,可理解为:“in whichnot”。作关系代词使用的but亦可以but that 形式出现。请注意通过下面的例句,揣摩but的这种用法。Not a day passes but that they drum some harsh, politeless words of denunciation in
17、to these gentrys ears.他们那粗重无情的斥责声,每天都有些送进绅士们的耳朵里去。 Not a day passed but the phrase cropped up on newsprint and across the airwaves from New York to London. 从纽约到伦敦,没有一天是这个短语不出现在各地的报纸上和电波中的。,我们这里有必要指出,上面讨论的but字用法,从严格的语法角度看问题,在but字究竟是作连词使用还是作关系代词使用上是有争议的。但是,我们认为这对翻译并不重要。从翻译的角度看问题,关键是把握but字的含蓄否定用法。I hav
18、e no secret of success but hard work. (but= except)除了勤奋努力外,我没有别的成功秘诀。,but作介词用,容易理解,翻译亦无困难。但要注意下列搭配所产生的意义:nothing but = only ; anything but = not at all例如:I am nothing but a teacher. 我只不过是名教师。 I am anything but a teacher. 我根本不是个老师。,从修辞的角度考虑,英语“a negative + but”式中的否定词可被疑问词替换,构成修辞性疑问句。例如:What should I
19、see but the thing I was looking for?没曾想,我一眼就瞧见了我在寻找的东西。Who should make her appearance but Miss Willmot?想不到露面的正是威尔莫特小姐。Who is there but commits errors?哪有不犯错误的人呢?(人皆有错。),Who else but a bookworm, with none of the normal kids tendency to play rather than study, would grow up to be a teacher anyway?不管怎么说
20、,除了书呆子,他们不像一般孩子一样生性贪玩、不愿学习,还有什么人愿意长大了当一名教师呢?(此句亦可译为:只有 的书呆子长大了才会去当老师。),“You cannot but feel already that it is useless staying hereYou will have to go farther.” (Dickens)“你不可能不早就感觉出来,留在这里是毫无意义的你还是应该往前走。”cannot but 与cannot choose but; cannot help but 同义,均作“不得不”“禁不住”“由不得”理解。,再如:I cannot but laugh to h
21、ear such a story. = I cannot help (avoid/forbear/refrain/abstain from) laughing to hear such a story.听了这个故事,我不禁失声笑起来。I cant come, not but that Id like to. (not but that)我没法来,但不是我不愿意来。我倒是愿意来,但来不了啦。,2. a negative + withoutwithout +a negative例如:The woman could hardly turn around without finding one of
22、the new men demanding to inspect their cooking pots for insects. (A. Haley: Roots)妇女们每次转过身来都几乎能看到新来的男人中有人要检查她们的锅里是否有虫。又如:Without air, water and sunlight, people cannot live.离开(没有)了空气、水和阳光,人们就无法生存。,此式中的否定词可被疑问词替换,构成修辞性疑问句。例如:What is happiness without health?没有健康,还有什么幸福可言?How can he be reliable withou
23、t consistency of words and actions?他言行不一,又怎能让人信任呢?Where would be todays China without the efforts of the Chinese communists?没有中国共产党人的努力,哪有中国的今天?),a negative + unless例如:Unless compelled to stay in by bad weather, I go for a walk everyday.如果不是因为天气不好被迫呆在家里,我每天都出去散散步。A man cannot effect the impossible,
24、unless he has strong determination and full confidence in himself.一个人如果没有坚强的决心和充分的自信心,那他决不能为他人所不能为之事。),a negative + till/until例如:Children do not know how their parents love them, and they never will till the grave closes over those parents, or till they have children of their own.在父母命赴黄泉或他们有了自己的儿女之前
25、,做儿女的是无法理解父母是如何爱他们的。People do not know the blessing of health until they lose it.人不到丧失健康之时,不知道健康之可贵。(反说)人在丧失健康之时,方知健康之可贵。 (正说)本式的强调式为:,a. It was not till/until +that-clause b. Not till/until +倒装式主句例如:It was not until the child fell asleep that the mother left the room.等到孩子睡着了,那位母亲才离开房间。 (正说)孩子没睡着之前,
26、那位母亲没有离开房间。(反说)本式中的till; until可被before替换,例如:We will not begin the match before the downpour stops.大雨不停,我们不开始比赛。 (反说)等大雨停了之后我们才开始比赛。(正说),a negative + too用此式造句,主要使用以下两种搭配: can not +too (=B. impossible +too)其含义是:“无论如何也不过份”或“越越”。例如: I cannot thank you too much. (= I cannot thank you enough/sufficient.)我
27、对您感激不尽。(我对您不胜感激。),We can scarcely pay too high a price for the liberation of our people.我们为了人民的解放,付出任何代价也在所不惜。It cannot be too often repeated that it is not helps, but obstacles, not facilities but difficulties, that makes man.可以不厌其烦地一说再说,人才的造就不在于助力,而在于障碍;不在于顺心如意,而在于困难重重。,B. too + not to“tooto”为含蓄否定
28、,表示“太以至于不”此式变成“too+ not to”则否定之否定,得其肯定之意了,含义是:“非常必然”、“太以至于不得不(不会不)”。但是,我们要注意副词not的位置。如果not在too之前,而不是在不定式之前,则仍应该以“tooto”理解。请比较:A teacher should not be too proud to learn from his students.教师不应骄傲得不向学生学习。,He is too modest a teacher not to learn from his students.他是位非常谦虚的教师,不会不向学生学习。下面,我们来看几个“too+ not t
29、o”这种双重否定的示例:This country has been in a hell too long not to believe in a heaven of her own making.这个国家在地狱中生活太久了,她不得不相信有一个她自己创建的天堂。,He was too near for us not to see him.他离得很近,我们不会看不见他。 The Munich agreement was such an abandonment of Czechoslovakia that it represented a show down on the one hand too
30、humiliating for the great powers long to endure and on the other too successful for Nazi politics not to exploit.慕尼黑协定抛弃了捷克斯洛伐克,因而无异于一种摊牌。一方面,对几个大国来说,这是一桩奇耻大辱,他们决不会长期忍受;另一方面,对纳粹政权来说,这是一次巨大的胜利,它决不会不加以利用。,这里,我们附带指出,“only/all tooto”和“too ready to”表达肯定,是种强调的语气。例如:I am only too happy to get a chance to v
31、isit China.有机会访华,我太高兴了。He is too ready to offer his aid.他随时都愿意提供帮助。,(五)强势否定句 英语强势否定句多以否定的成分置于句首构成,最常见的是主语强势否定句和状语强势否定句。强势否定句对涉及的成分进行全否定。主语强势否定句在行文中常出现下述搭配:.否定词+比较级.否定词 + so as 主语强势否定句在以上两种搭配中,产生最高级比较意义。状语强势否定句常以下列形式造句:否定状语(句首)+部分倒装宾语强势否定句常以下列形式造句:否定宾语(句首)+部分倒装,翻译时要注意表达原文的语气。下面,举例说明。No one is better
32、qualified for the job than he is. = No one is so qualified for the job as he is.= He is the most qualified man for the job.谁也不如他更胜任这项工作。(反说)只有他最胜任这项工作。(正说)注意:以形容词no限定一个名词或代词构成句子的主语,并置于句首,句子的谓语部分不再出现否定词,是主语强势否定句的特征。),Nothing can be simpler than this.=Nothing can be so simple as this.=This is the simp
33、lest thing of all.再也没有比这更容易的事了。(现代汉语句式)事之容易,莫过于此。(古汉语句式)通过以上两个译例,我们已经说明了“否定词+比较级”,“否定词+soas”所构成的主语强势否定句的基本译法,初学者应加以揣度,体会汉语的表达技巧。再看下面的译例:,There is nothing comparable to it in diplomatic history.在外交史上,这是无与伦比的。Seldom is a thing more prized than after it has been lost once and regained.物之珍贵,莫过于失而复得。Noth
34、ing is more precious than time, yet nothing is less valued.时间最为宝贵,然而,时间又最不受人重视。No country has the right to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.无论哪个国家都无权干涉它内政。任何国家都无权干涉它国内政。,No amount of affection could persuade her that he was good-looking.无论感情有多深都无法使她认为他长得漂亮。No degree of temptation
35、 justifies any degree of sin.即使最大的诱惑,也不足以为最轻的罪过做辩护。“Why not?” asked the other in a tone no effort of will could prevent from being icy.“为什么不?”另一个这么问,那口气,尽管竭尽全力矫饰,听起来仍是冷冰冰的。至此,我们已经比较全面地介绍了主语强势否定句及其汉译表达方式。相对而言,状语和宾语强势否定句容易理解,也比较容易传达原文的语气。请看下面译例:,Little/Seldom did I think (=I was far from thinking) tha
36、t I should meet you here in London. Scarcely 我怎么也没有想到会在伦敦遇见你。At no time and under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapon.中国在任何时候,任何情况下都不首先使用核武器。,On no account must I say anything vicious to China,a great country that has done so much in safeguarding the world peace.中国是个伟大的国家,
37、为维护世界和平作出了巨大贡献。我没有任何理由说中国一句坏话。Never has our Party witnessed such despicable careerists and conspirators as the “gang of four”.我们党从来没有见过像“四人帮”这样卑鄙的野心家、阴谋家。Not a penny could I find in my pocket.我口袋里一个子儿也没有。(我身上分文莫名。),Not a hair is he willing to pluck for the benefit of the people in this world.此人拔一毛利天
38、下而不为。除了上述常见的强势否定句式外,英语中“a negative+ some word of diminutive meaning”所构成的句子也表达了强烈的否定语势,翻译时要注意传达原文的语气。例如:“Couldnt get a wink of sleep till daylight,” said he, “Infernal headache and fever.”“我整夜没合一眼,直到天明,”他说,“这会儿头疼得要死,还有些发烧呢。”They have not done a stroke of work today.今天他们一点工作也没做。,(六)部分否定 强势否定可视为全否定。但英语
39、中有些语言现象表面上看似乎是否定全部,实际上只是部分否定,汉译时很容易误译。对这一点,我们要特别留心。在部分否定方面,英语民族的思维方式与我们不同,我们应循着英语的思路进行翻译。英语部分否定常以下述搭配表达:not all;not everybody/everyone=some;some peoplenot all;not everything=some;something,not everywhere=some wherenot always=sometimesnot altogether=somewhatnot wholly/entirely=in some degreeBoth not
40、=one of them,一、部分否定(一)英语中的所谓部分否定,是指代词或者副词如all, both, every, everybody, everyday, everyone, many, everything, entirely, altogether, absolutely, wholly, completely, everywhere, always, often等与否定词not搭配使用。部分否定的翻译比较简单,常常翻译为“并非所有,并不是都。如:allnot(不全是,不都是),bothnot(并非两个都,不是两者都),everynot(不是每个都),not always(不总是,不
41、一定),not often(不经常),not altogether(不全是),not necessarily(未必)等。,All that glitters is not gold.并非所有发光的都是金子。Both the windows are not open.两扇窗户并不都是开着的。Everybody does not believe the rumor.并不是每个人都听信这个谣言的。They are not always in the office on Sundays.他们不一定每个星期天都在办公室。The responsibility is not altogether mine.
42、责任并不全在于我身上。The situation is not necessarily so.情况并非如此。,(二)需要注意的是,“allnot”和“everynot”等结构属于传统用法。现代英语中,也会把否定词放在整个句子的最前面,而采用“Not all”和“Not every”这种表达形式。这种用法在语法和逻辑上也能讲得通。Not all metals are good conductors.并非所有的金属都是良导体。Not everyone accepts his proposal.并不是所有的人都接受他的建议。,二、全部否定在英语中,构成全部否定的单词和词组主要有以下这些:never(
43、决不,从来不),no(没有,不),not(不,不是),none(没人,谁都不,没有任何东西),nobody(没人),nothing(什么也没有,没有任何事情),nowhere(没有什么地方),neither(两者都不),nor(也没有,也不),not at all (一点也不)。He is no professor.他根本不是教授。,None of my friends smoke.我的朋友都不抽烟。Our great motherland has never before been so prosperous as it is today.我们伟大的祖国从来没有像今天这样繁荣昌盛。Nothi
44、ng in the world is difficult for the one who sets his mind to it.世上无难事,只怕有心人。Never have we been daunted by difficulties.我们任何时候都没有被困难吓倒过。,三、双重否定双重否定是指同一个句子中出现两个否定词,即否定之否定。双重否定句表示的意思是肯定的,通常比肯定句的语气要重。翻译成汉语的时候,可以直接用汉语对应的双重否定来翻译,也可以直接翻译为汉语的肯定句。常见的双重否定形式主要有:nonot(没有不),withoutnot(没有就不),never (no)without(每逢
45、总是,没有不),never (no)but(没有不),not (none)the less(并不就不),not (never)unless(不少于,不亚于,和一样),notany the less(没有而少做)。Now no spaceship cannot be loaded with man.现在没有任何宇宙飞船不能载人。(用汉语的双重否定翻译)现在所有的宇宙飞船都可以载人。(用汉语的肯定结构翻译),You will never succeed unless you work hard.如果你不努力,就决不能成功。(用汉语的双重否定翻译)只要你努力,你就会成功。(用汉语的肯定结构翻译)Th
46、ere is nothing unusual there.那里的一切都很正常。The machine is working none the worse for its long service.这台机器并没有因为长期使用而运转不良。She did not work any the less for her illness.她没有因为生病而少做一些工作。Thats nothing less than a miracle.那完全是一个奇迹。No task is so difficult but we can accomplish it.再困难的任务,我们也能完成。,四、形式肯定但意义否定英语中有
47、些句子虽然以肯定形式出现,但表达的却是否定的意义。翻译时要按其隐含的否定意义译成汉语中的否定句。(一)more than can结构more than can这个结构本身是英语的肯定结构,因为英语中没有任何否定词出现。但是这个结构具有肯定意义,所以需要翻译为汉语的否定句。more than can在意义上相当于英语的can not,可以翻译为“简直不,无法,难以”;而more than one can help相当于as little as possible,可以翻译为“尽量不,绝对不”。The beauty of the park is more than words can describ
48、e.这个公园美得无法形容。,The boy has become very insolent and it is more than his parents can bear.这男孩变得非常无礼,到了他父母都不能忍受的地步。Dont tell him more than you can help.能不跟他讲就尽量不要跟他讲。She never does more work than she can help.能不做的事情,她是绝对不做的。,(二)anything but结构anything but结构表示否定意义,常常翻译为“绝对不,根本不,一点也不”。He is anything but a scholar.他绝对不是一个学者。The wood bridge is anything but safe.那座木桥一点也不安全。,