1、专题四 猜测词义Passage 1(2018 课标全国,C) 词数:294Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit(联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independ
2、ent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and
3、fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such a
4、s English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spo
5、ken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages;the Americas about 1,000;Africa 2,400;and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the worlds languages are spok
6、en by fewer people than that.Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon(eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico(150), Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three) or Wadjigu i
7、n Australia(one, with a question-mark):none of these seems to have much chance of survival.1.What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?A.They developed very fast.B.They were large in number.C.They had similar patterns.D.They were closely connected.2.Which of the following best expla
8、ins“dominant”underlined in paragraph 2? A.Complex. B.Advanced.C.Powerful. D.Modern.3.How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?A.About 6,800. B.About 3,400.C.About 2,400. D.About 1,200.4.What is the main idea of the text?A.New languages will be created.B.Peoples lifestyles a
9、re reflected in languages.C.Human development results in fewer languages.D.Geography determines language evolution.答案语篇解读 本文为说明文。作者从语言发展历史这一角度论述了人类的发展导致了世界上语言数量的减少。1.B 推理判断题。本题题干意为:对于采猎者时代的语言,我们可推断出什么?根据第一段第二句(当世界人口仍然由采猎者构成的时候,小的、联系紧密的群体彼此独立地形成了自己的讲话模式。)可知答案为 B 项(它们的数量很大)。A:它们发展得很快;C:它们有相似的模式;D:它们联系
10、很紧密。2.C 词义猜测题。本题题干意为:下面哪一项最好地解释了第二段画线词“dominant”? 根据画线词所在句子中的“such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over”可推知dominant 的意思是“ 占统治地位的 ,强大的”, 故答案为 C 项(Powerful) 。A:复杂的;B: 高级的;D:现代的。3.B 细节理解题。本题题干意为:目前,有多少种语言的使用人数少于 6,000?根据第三段第一句(目前世界上大约有 6,800 种语言。)和第三段最后一句(这意味着世界的语言中有一半的语言,其使用人数不
11、足 6,000。)可知,答案为 B 项(68001/2=3400)。4.C 主旨大意题。本题题干意为:本文的主旨是什么?作者在首段首句介绍了本文的主题,即语言几千年来一直变化不定,但在最近时期,其数量越来越少。然后进一步解释造成这种现象的原因是社会的发展,故答案为 C 项。难句分析原句:Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.分析
12、:本句的主句为:Some language experts believe。后面的 that 从句为宾语从句,该从句的主干为:they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them;10,000 years ago 为时间状语;when the world had just five to ten million people 为非限制性定语从句 ,修饰先行词 10,000 years ago。译文:一些专家认为,在一万年前,当时世界上只有五百万至一千万人口 ,他们之间可能要说 12,000 种语言。重点词汇 settle down 定居下来 glob
13、alisation n.全球化distribution n.分布 relatively adv.相对地Passage 2(2018 课标全国,B) 词数:258Many of us love July because its the month when natures berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbias fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.Of the co
14、mmon berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein(蛋白质 ), iron and zinc(not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are
15、high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries(樱桃), they are so delicious. Who cares?However, they are rich in vitamin C.When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat
16、“ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depen
17、ding on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve”creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a childrens party;they love feeding the fruit and froz
18、en bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below. 1.What does the author seem to like about cherries?A.They contain protein.B.They are high in vitamin A.C.They have a pleasant taste.D.They are rich in antioxidants.2.Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas?A.
19、To make them smell better.B.To keep their colour.C.To speed up their ripening.D.To improve their nutrition.3.What is“a juicer”in the last paragraph?A.A dessert. B.A drink.C.A container. D.A machine.4.From which is the text probably taken?A.A biology textbook.B.A health magazine.C.A research paper.D.
20、A travel brochure.答案语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文,题材为食品营养类。许多人最爱七月,因为在这个月份大量的新鲜水果成熟了。本文介绍了几种对人体有益的水果,还为你推荐了一种孩子们喜欢的自制果汁。1.C 细节理解题。题干意为:作者似乎喜欢樱桃的什么?根据第二段最后两句话(至于樱桃,它们那么美味可口,谁在乎呢?然而,它们富含维他命 C。)可知作者喜欢樱桃的美味可口,所以答案为 C 项。A 项:它们含有蛋白质;B 项:它们富含维他命 A;D 项: 它们富含抗氧化物。这三项均与文章所述不符。2.B 推理判断题。题干意为:为什么在冷冻香蕉时要加点新鲜的柠檬汁?根据第三段倒数第二句话(如果你
21、喜欢的话,挤一点新鲜的柠檬汁到香蕉上会防止它们变成褐色。)可推断出这么做是为了保持香蕉本来的颜色,所以答案为 B 项。A 项: 为了让它们更好闻;C 项: 为了加速它们的成熟;D 项:为了增加它们的营养。这三项均与原文描述不符。3.D 词义猜测题。题干意为:最后一段的“a juicer”是什么?根据最后一段第一句和第二句话的描述(如果你有一个榨汁机的话,你就把冷冻的香蕉和一些浆果或者切成片的水果放进去。就会出来一种软软的奶油状的甜品,要马上吃掉哦。)可以推断出画线部分是一种能制作果汁样食品的机器,所以答案为 D 项。4.B 推理判断题。题干意为:这篇文章可能选自什么?根据第一段第二句话的描述(
22、这些来自不列颠哥伦比亚省土地上的色彩鲜艳的甜甜的宝贝就是营养保护的小集团。)再结合后文描述的几种富含各种维生素的水果,我们可以推断出本文是来自与健康营养相关的书,即一本健康杂志,所以答案为 B 项。A 项:一本生物课本;C 项: 一篇研究论文;D 项:一本旅游册子。这三项与文章主题不符。难句分析原句:When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”.分
23、析:第一个逗号前是 when 引导的省略了主语和 be 动词的时间状语从句,相当于 When they are combined with.,第一个逗号后是句子的主干。句子的主语 frozen bananas 与combine 之间是被动关系。译文:当与浆果或者其他的水果片混合在一起时,冷冻的香蕉就会成为一种极好的用来制作浓浓的冷奶昔和低脂肪冰激凌的基本材料。重点词汇 contain vt.包含;含有 particularly adv.特别; 尤其 (be)combined with 与结合/混合词汇积累 abundance n.大量;充裕 nutritional adj.营养的contain
24、er n.容器Passage 3(2018 课标全国,D) 词数:304Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings?The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less. I found the pre-h
25、olidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that
26、 were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).For weeks, Ive been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them?And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and
27、use less?Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ballsimpl
28、e, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playi
29、ng together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.1.What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?A.The more, the better.B.Enough is enough.C.More money, more worries.D.Earn more and spend more.2.What made G
30、eorgia agree to sell some of her objects?A.Saving up for her holiday.B.Raising money for a poor girl.C.Adding the money to her fund.D.Giving the money to a sick mother.3.Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd?A.To try out an idea.B.To show a parents love.C.To train his attention.D.To help hi
31、m start a hobby.4.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Take It or Leave ItB.A Lesson from KidsC.Live More with LessD.The Pleasure of Giving答案语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。题材为家庭生活类。作为成年人我们都理解身边用不到的东西太多给我们的感觉,但是我们却认为我们的孩子拥有的东西越多越好。我在自己的孩子身上做了一个实验,证明了拥有更少的东西能生活得更好。1.A 词义猜测题。根据第一段最后一句话可知,我帮我自己的孩子学会了用更少的东西生活得更好,由
32、此推断出画线词语的意思是“越多越好”, 所以答案为 A 项。B 项:适可而止。C项:钱越多就越担心。D 项:挣得多花得多。这三项与父母希望孩子拥有更多的东西的想法不符。2.C 细节理解题。题干句意:什么事让 Georgia 同意卖掉她的一些东西? 根据第二段最后一句话可知,在我们承诺把这笔钱放进她的学校基金后,她选择卖掉几件较大而不太常用的东西,因为她想把这笔钱放到自己的基金中去,所以答案为 C 项。A 项: 为了她的假期攒钱。B项:为一个贫穷的女孩筹款。D 项:把这笔钱给一位生病的母亲。3.A 推理判断题。题干句意:作者为什么要和 Shepherd 一起玩球? 根据第三段的 Yesterda
33、y, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this.可以推断出作者和儿子一起玩球是为了检验一下自己的理论。4.C 主旨大意题。作者在第一段的最后就提出了本文的主题:how to live more with less,后面几段描写了作者在自己的孩子身上证明了自己的这个观点是正确的,所以答案为 C 项。A 项:要么接受,要么放弃。B 项:从孩子身上学到的教训。D 项:奉献的乐趣。这三项与第一段提出的主题不符。难句分析原句:Because of our efforts, our daughter Geor
34、gia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness.分析:because of.作原因状语; 谓语动词 decide 用助动词 did 加以强调; 关系代词 whose引导的定语从句修饰先行词 a little girl。译文:由于我们的努力,我们的女儿 Georgia 确实决定把一大袋子玩具捐给一个小女孩,这个女孩的妈妈因为生病而无法支付她的假期费用。重点词汇 assume v.认为 ;假定 whe
35、n it comes to 当说到;当涉及 belongings n.所有物;财产 donate v.捐赠;捐献 due to 由于;因为 be determined to do sth.决心做某事Passage 4(2017 课标全国,B) 词数:289I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didnt want me for
36、 the filmit wanted somebody as well known as Paulhe stood up for me. I dont know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the f
37、act that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft(技艺) and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, a
38、nd making fun of each otherbut always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core(核心) of our relationship off the screen.We shared the belief that if youre fortunate enough to have success, you should put something backhe with his Newmans Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kid
39、s who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didnt see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.I last saw him a few months ago. Hed been in and out of the hosp
40、ital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didnt talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didnt need a lot of words.1.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first?A.Paul Newman wanted it.B.The studio powers didnt like his agent.C.He wasnt famous enough.D.The direct
41、or recommended someone else.2.Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship?A.They were of the same age.B.They worked in the same theater.C.They were both good actors.D.They had similar characteristics.3.What does the underlined word“that”in paragraph 3 refer to? A.Their belief.B.Their care
42、for children.C.Their success.D.Their support for each other.4.What is the authors purpose in writing the text?A.To show his love of films.B.To remember a friend.C.To introduce a new movie.D.To share his acting experience.答案语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。在电影界初出茅庐的作者得到了著名演员保罗纽曼的支持,从而获得了一个重要的演出机会。他们建立了深厚的友谊,这份友谊一直持续到保罗
43、纽曼去世。1.C 推理判断题。根据第一段中的 “it wanted somebody as well known as Paul”可知,这家电影公司不想把这个角色给作者,是因为他们想把角色给像保罗这样出名的人,作者还不够出名,所以答案为 C 项。2.D 事实细节题。根据第二段中的 “Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors”可知,保罗和作者之所以有着长久的友谊,是因为他们两个人有着相似的品质,所以答案为 D 项。3.A 猜测词义题。根据本段第一句话 “We shared the be
44、lief that if.”可知,尽管他们不经常见面,但是正是那种信念让他们聚在了一起。由此推断出画线单词指的是他们的共同的信念,所以答案为 A 项。4.B 推理判断题。文章开头作者介绍了自己与著名演员保罗纽曼相识的情景,后面描述了两人的交往和深厚的友谊。最后一段指出两人的最后一面是在医院。由此推断出作者写这篇文章就是为了纪念自己的一位朋友。所以答案为 B 项。重点词汇 experience n.经历 be respectful of 尊重 humorous adj. 幽默的 aggressive adj.有进取心的长难句 We shared the belief that if youre
45、fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back.我们有着相同的信念,那就是如果你足够幸运而成功了的话,你应该对这个世界有所回报本句为复合句。句子的主干为 We shared the belief。that 引导同位语从句,说明 belief 的内容。Passage 5(2017 课标全国,C) 词数:291After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves
46、were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By t
47、he 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populationsmajor food sources(来源)for the wolfgrew rapidly. T
48、hese animals consumed large amounts of vegetation(植被 ),which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the parks red foxes, and completely drove away the parks beavers.As early as 1966, biologists ask
49、ed the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs
