1、Grammar,过去分词作状语，一是表被动的动作，二是表动作已经完成。通常作如下几种状语：,1. When it is seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.,Seen from the hill,1. 时间状语, 可在过去分词前加上连词when, while, until等.,2. Dont speak until you are spoken to.,Until spoken to,2.原因状语,1. Because the boy was greatly touched by his teachers words, he di
2、d a lot of things to help his classmates.,Greatly touched by the teachers words,2. As he was surprised at what happened, Tom didnt know what to do.,Surprised at what happened,3.条件状语,1. If we were given more time, we could do it much better.,Given more time,2. If it is heated to a high temperature, w
3、ater will change into vapour.,Heated to a high temperature,4. 让步状语,1. Though they had been warned of the storm, the farmers were still working in the fields.,Though warned of the storm,2. Even if Im invited, I wont take part in the party.,Even if invited,5. 方式、伴随状语,1. The teacher entered the classro
4、om, and he was followed by a group of students.,Followed by a group of students,2. The manager held his head high, he walked into the room.,Holding his head high,分词的时态 1）一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。例如：Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 典型例题 The secretary worked late in
5、to the night, _a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 答案B. 此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词 worked和was preparing。 只能在B，C中选一个。又因前后两个动作 同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。,2）完成时表示先于主语动词发生。例如：While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having don
6、e。Having finished his homework, he went out. C. Not having received D. Having not received =As he had finished his homework, he went out.典型例题_ a reply, he decided to write again. Not receiving B. Receiving not 答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前， 因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选C。
7、该句可理解为：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.,分词的语态 1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。例如： He is the man giving you the money. （= who gave you）他就是给你钱的那个人。 He is the man stopped by the car. （= who was stopped by）他就是那个被车拦住的人。 2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生， 如gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped
8、, faded, returned等。 例如： a well-read person. 一个读过许多书的人a much-traveled man 一个去过许多地方的人a burnt-out match 烧完了的火,注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句 的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出， 分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。 例如： Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。,3）_, liquids c
9、an be changed into gases. A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat答案C. 本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated， 注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句 的主语。 如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用 现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如： Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。Using
10、 the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用,连词+分词（短语） 有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在 分词前加连词。 连词有： when，while，if though，after, before, as. 但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。 例如： While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. 等在那儿时，他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。 （waiting 和saw 的主语相同）,分词作插入语 分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语 并不是句子的主
11、语。 例如： generally speaking 一般说来talking of （speaking of） 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说judging from 从判断 all things considered 从整体来看taking all things into consideration 全面看来例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 （speaking 不是do
12、gs 的动作）,Exercises:,1. _ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.,Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. having been followed,2. There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.,followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed,B,B,3. The next morning she found the man _ in b
13、ed, dead.,lying B. lie C. lay D. laying,4. I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.,sail B. sailing C. to sail D. to have sailed,A,B,7. _ a reply, he decided to write again.,Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received,8. The visiting minis
14、ter expressed his satisfaction with his talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here.,having added B. to add C. adding D. added,C,C,9. Dont get you schedule _, stay with us in this class.,to change B. changing C. changed D. change,10. European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular
15、sport in the world.,making B. makes C. made D. to make,C,A,11. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back.,being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied,12. _ more attention, the trees could have grown better.,Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given,D,A,13. The _ morning, the
16、 father came into the lonely house, _ by his naughty boy.,following, following B. followed, followed C. following, followed D. followed, following,14. Mrs. White was glad to see the nurse _ after her son and was pleased to see the boy well _ care of in the nursery.,looked; taken B. looking; taken C.
17、 looked; took D. looking; taking,C,B,15. _ his head high, the manager walked into the room to attend the meeting _ then.,Holding; being held B. Held; holding C. Having held; held D. Held; to be held,16. _, but he still could not understand it.,Told many times B. Having been told many times C. He has been told many times D. Though he had been told many times,A,C,注意: 用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语要与句子的主语保持一致, 否则分词短语就要有自己的逻辑主语, 这种结构称为独立主格结构.,1. All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.,2. He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.,
