1、资料来源：六级阅读理解 100篇文本（完成版）Can the Computer Learn from Experience计算机会总结经验吗Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computers progress in the ability to learn from experience.Because the game requires logical
2、 reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the computer .all a programmer has to do is give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice it is
3、 impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40 000 moves a second. That is 资料来源：an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chessliterally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory it could be ,given enough people and enough time), there
4、 is no computer capable of holding that much data.Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own programm, to deal with a relatively unstructured situationin
5、a word, to “think” for itself . In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carry them through the early, mechanical stages of their chess ga
6、mes. But they have gone on from there to reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game.There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted , winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event even when a computer does
7、 it . But there 资料来源：are many serious human problems which ban be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Other problemsinternational and interpersonal relations , ecology and economics ,
8、 and the ever-increasing threat of world faminecan perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers .Notescheck:a game played on a checkerboard by two players ,each using 12 piecesecology:the relationship between organisms and their environment 生态关系，生态学Reading c
9、omprehensionThe purpose of creating chess-playing computers is _A to win the world chess champion资料来源：B to pave the way for further intelligent computersC to work out strategies for international warsD to find an accurate yardstick for measuring computer progress2 Today , a chess-playing computer ca
10、n be programmed to _A give trillions of reponses in a second to each possible move and win the gameB function with complete data and beat the best playersC learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the gameD evaluate every possible move but may fail to give the right response each
11、 time资料来源：3 For a computer to “think” , it is necessary to _A mange to process as much data as possible in a secondB program it so that it can learn from its experiencesC prepare it for chess-playing firstD enable it to deal with unstructured situations4 The authors attitude towards the Defense Depa
12、rtment is_A critical B unconcerned C positive D negative 5 In the authors opinion,_A winning a chess game is an unimportant eventB serious human problems shouldnt be regarded as playing a game资料来源：C ecological problems are more urgent to be solvedD there is hope for more intelligent computers1 b 2 c
13、 3 b 4 c 5 dYou Call This a Good Economy这能称之为上佳经验You have to have lived in the 1950s and 1960s to have experienced a good economy. In the period between 1950 and 1970 it was the rulerather than the exceptionthat an ordinary family, without higher education, could sustain itself decently on the incom
14、e of a single breadwinner（养家糊口的人）. In 1955, when I was 19 and living in Brooklyn, N. Y., my father, who had a sixth-grade education, maintained our family of five on a wage of $82 a week as a bookbinder. My mother taught us fairness and compassion; my father, discipline and enterprise.The U. S. econ
15、omy in those years was good. Then where did 资料来源：this good economy go? It was inflated away. The price of gold, which I take as proxy for the prices of all goods, was $35 an ounce in those years. It is at roughly ten times that price today.There is another answer, though: inflation caused the entire
16、 work force to be moved into higher tax groups, thus reducing after-tax purchasing power. That is, my fathers bindery job in1954 paid $82 a week, with $80 after deductions; today, at $ 820 per week the net would be $662.To ordinary people, the economy doesnt look very good at all. After-tax incomes
17、continue to decrease in purchasing power. The jobs offered in the employment ads pay only a little more than the minimum wage, maybe $5 an hour, which, after payroll deductions, yields $4 an hour. Compare that with minimum-wage jobs of the early 1950s, when 75 cents was worth todays $7.50 before and
18、 after taxes.Notes1 Brooklyn: a district of New York city资料来源：2 inflate:通货膨胀3 proxy: the authority to act for another4 payroll: a list of employees and the wages due to eachReading ComprehensionIn the authors opinion, a good economy, to ordinary people can be expressed in terms of _the amount of wag
19、eafter-tax incomethe actual purchasing powerthe minimum wage per hourIn the period between 1950 and 1970,_资料来源：there was not much difference in the living standards between people of higher and lower educationan ordinary family of five without exception could live on one person incomethe income of a
20、n ordinary family was more than enough for buying foodfor an average family the income was sufficient to support all the membersToday a bookbinders wage is ten times that of the 1950s but its income tax rate has increased _a.50 times b.60times c. 70 times d. 80 times4 The worsening of a bookbinders
21、livelihood results from _a. his low education and the amount of wage资料来源：b. the high-taxation and the income deductionsc. the high taxation and cost of livingd. thelow wage and higher prices5 The passage implies that while the cost of living is getting higher_a. the value of labor actually is shrink
22、ingb. the minimum wage level is increasing likewisec. the income tax rate is rising alongd. the employment ads naturally offer a higher minimum wage6 The authors tone in writing the article is_a. ironical b. subjective c. high-sounding d. convincing7 the article aims to _.资料来源：a. help control the ra
23、pidly increasing pricesb. give some advice to the policy-makersc.impress the younger generation with some basic factsd.call upon the societys attention against inflation1 c 2 b 3 d 4 c 5 a 6 d 7 cAre Experts Always Right专家总是对的吗The world has become so complicated that weve lost confidence in our abil
24、ity to understand and deal with it. But common sense is useful now as it ever was. No amount of expertise substitutes for an intimate knowledge of a person or a situation. At times you just have to trust your own judgement.资料来源：It almost cost me my life to learn that. I was reading a book one day, i
25、dly scratching the back of my head, when I noticed that, in one particular spot, the scratching echoed inside my head like fingernails on an empty cardboard carton, I rushed off to my doctor.“Got a hole in your head, have you?” he teased. “Its nothingjust one of those little scalp nerves sounding of
26、f.”Two years and four doctors later, I was still being told it was nothing. To the fifth doctor. I said, almost in desperation,”But I live in tis body. I know somethings different.”“If you wont take my word for it,Ill take an X-ray and prove it to you,” he said.Well, there it was, of course, the tum
27、or that had made a hole as big as an eye socket in the back of my skull. After the operation, a young resident paused by my bed. ”Its a good thing youre so smart,” he said.” Most patient die of 资料来源：these tumors because we dont know theyre there until it is too late.”Im really not so smart. And Im t
28、oo docile in the face of authority. I should have been more aggressive with those first four doctors. Its hard to question opinions delivered with absolute certainty.Experts always sound so sure. Nevile Chamberlain, the British prime minister, was positive, just before the start of World War II, tha
29、t there would be “peace for our time.” Producer Irving Thalberg did not hesitate to advise Louis B. Mayer against buying the rights to Gone With the Wind because “no Civil War picture ever made a nickel.” Even Abraham Lincoln surely believed it when he said in his Gettysburg Address:” The world will
30、 little note, nor long remember, what we say here”We should not, therefore, be intimidated by experts. When its an area we really know aboutour bodies, our families, our houseslets listen to what the experts say, then make up our own minds.资料来源：Notescardboard carton:a box or container made of a stif
31、f pasteboard of paperscalp: the skin covering the headtumor:肿瘤eye socket: the opening or cavity in which the eye fitsdocile: easily managed or taughtreading comprehension“It” in “deal with it”(para.1) refers to _a. confidence b. the world c. ability d. complication2. “Expertise” in para.1 means_资料来源
32、：a. common sense b. expert skill or knowledge c. unusual ability to appreciated. personal experience3. We have to trust our own judgement since _a. not all of us have acquired reliable expertiseb. experts often lose their common sensec. experts may sometimes fail to give good adviced. intimate knowl
33、edge of a person is not to be substituted for by expertise4 “That” in “it almost cost me my life to learn that”(para. 2) refers to_a. I can learn to trust my judgementb. I can acquire an intimate knowledge of myself资料来源：c. common sense is not as useful as knowedged. expertise may not be reliable5 Wh
34、ile reading one day, the author_a. found a hole at the back of his headb. heard a scratching sound from a cartonc. noticed some echo from his head where he was scratching d. noticed a sound coming out from his head6 “tease” in paragraph 3 means_a. to make fun of b. to comfort c. to reply d. to disbe
35、lieve7 “if you wont take my word for it” in para.5 may be paraphrased_资料来源：a. if you dont think my word is worth anythingb. if you dont listen to my advicec. if you dont believe my judgementd. if you prefer actions to words8 “Skull” in para.6 most probably means_a. the bony framework of the headb. t
36、he surface skin of the headc. the nerve system inside the headd. the top part of the head9 The author didnt think he was smart(para.7)because_a. he had already suffered for two years资料来源：b. he had not been able to put up with the painc. he had believed too much in expertised. he had formed too stron
37、g an opinion of himself10 It happens that the examples given by the author_a. all concern with warsb. are taken from modern American historyc. have become popular themes in moviesd. have American Civil War as the background11 In the last paragraph, the work ”intimidate” may mean_a. deceive b. fright
38、en c. make timid d. encourage1 b 2 b 3 c 4 d 5 c 6 a 7 c 8 a 9 c 10 a 11 c资料来源：Just Call Me Mister1 On cold days people in Manhattan like to take their children to PlaySpace, an indoor playground full of wonderful climbing and sliding contraptions. Theres just one irritating detail: when you pay you
39、r money, the cashier pulls out a felt-trip marker and an adhesive lapel tag and asks you your name.“Frum,” I say.“No, your first name.”“What do you need my first name for?”“To write on the tag, so all the children and the staff will know what to call you.”“In that case, write Mr. Frum.”2 At which I
40、am shot a look as if I had asked to be called to 资料来源：Duke of Plaza Toro.3 In encouraging five-year-olds to address grownups by their first names, PlaySpace is only slightly ahead of the times. As a journalist, I faithfully report that the custom of addressing strangers formally is as dead as the pr
41、actice of leaving a visiting card.4 Theres hardly a secretary left who does not reply, when I give a message fro her boss, “Ill tell him you called, David.” Or a public relations agent, whether in Bangor or Bangkok, who does not begin his telephonic spiel with a cheerful “Hello, David!”5 You dont ha
42、ve to be a journalist to collect amazing first-name stories. Place a collect call, and the operator first-names you. The teenager behind the counter at a fast-food restaurant asks a 70-year-old customer for his first name before taking his order.6 Habitual first-names claim they are motivated by not
43、hing worse than uncontrollably high-spirited friendliness. I 资料来源：dont believe it. I f I asked the fast-food order-takers to lend me $50, their friendliness would vanish in a whoosh. The PR man drops all his cheerfulness the moment he hears I wont go along with his story idea. No, its not friendline
44、ss that drives first-namers; its aggression. The PR agents who call me David uninvited would never, if they could somehow get him on the phone, address press baron Rupert Murdoch that way. The woman at the bank who called me David would never first-name the banks chairman. Like the mock-cheery staff
45、 at PlaySpace, they are engaged in a smiley-faced act of belittlement, an assertion of power disguised as good cheer.Notes1 contraptions:(informal)mechanical devices;gadgets2 felt-tip marker:软笔尖的颜色笔3 adhesive lapel tag:不干胶标牌4 Duke of Plaza Toro: Duke is a nobleman with the highest 资料来源：hereditary ra
46、nk, especially in Britain. Plaza Tora is Spanish, something like “Bull Fighting Ring” in English5 Bangor:City of South central Maine6 Bangkok:Captical of Thailand,曼谷7 spiel(slang) a lengthy, usually extravagant, speech or argument intended to be persuasive8 collect call:a telephone call with payment to be made by the receiver 9 press baron:Baron is the lowest mal
