1、,Tess of the DUrbervilles,Thomas Hardy (1840-1928),17112303 顾蓉 17112307 蒋爱家 17112312 吴晶,Contents,The Author Analysis on Characters Main Idea Plot of the Text Analysis on the Text,Thomas Hardy (18401928),Thomas Hardy,Life Works Theme & Style Position & Evaluation,Life,Thomas Hardy was an English nove
2、list, short writer and poet.He was a Victorian poet. He used his writings to elaborate his own pessimistic view of life.,Life,1840 was born in Dorsetshire 1848 attended Julia Martins school 1856 was apprenticed（当学徒） to a local architect 1862 was sent to London 1867 wrote poetry and novels 1874 marri
3、ed Emma Ravenna 1910 was awarded the Order of Merit 1914 married Florence Dugale 1928 died,Works,1867 The Poor Man and The Lady 1871 Desperate Remedies 1872 Under the Greenwood Tree 1873 A Pair of Blue Eyes 1874 Far From the Madding Crowd 1878 The Return of the Native 1886 The Mayor of Casterbridge
4、1887 The Woodlanders 1891 Tess of the D Urebevilles 1895 Jude the Obscure,Works,Short Stories 1888 Wessex Tales 1894 Lifes Little Ironies Poetry 19041908 The Dynasts,Works,His novels were published in serial forms in magazines and popular in both England and America. However, despite the praise Hard
5、ys fiction received, many critics also found his works too shocking, especially Tess of the DUrbervilles and Jude the Obscure. The outcry against Jude was so great that Hardy decided to stop writing novels and return to his first great love, poetry.,Theme & Style,Themefatalism and pessimism-mans lif
6、e controlled by hostile, cruel, mysterious fate-a pessmistic vein runs throughout his novelssympathy for the peasants,Theme & Style,Style Naturalism previous Romantic Enlightenment periods of literature a naturalistic tendency architectural structure personification and symbolism,Theme & Style,Natur
7、alismin the nineteenth centurya product of post-Darwinian biologya literary movementas accurately as possiblewithout artificial distortions Romantic during the first third of the nineteenth centuryartistic philosophyreliance upon emotion and natural passionsunique nature of the individual,Position &
8、 Evaluation,His poetry marks the transition from the Victorian Age to the modernist movement of the 20th century.,Analysis on Characters,Tess DurbeyfieldAlec dUrbervilleAngel Clare,Tess Durbeyfield,Intelligent, strikingly attractive, deep moral sensitivity, passionate intensitya mythic heroine St. T
9、eresa of Avila(圣女大德兰) Theresa“Daughter of Nature” in Chapter 18“Artemis” and “Demeter” in Chapter 20,Tess Durbeyfield,a mythical incarnation of womanhood her eyes are “neither black nor blue nor grey nor violet; rather all these shades together,” like “an almost standard woman.” a “standard” story,T
10、ess Durbeyfield,the changing role of the agricultural workers in England in the late nineteenth century financial constraints aristocracy in Tesss blood not quite up to the level of Alecs or Angels a symbol of unclear and unstable notions of class,Alec dUrberville,the nemesis and downfall of Tesss l
11、ife Alexander the Great Alexander Stoke-dUrbervillethe split character of his family divided duplicitous,Alec dUrberville,diabolical 残忍的，恶魔的 The first part of his surname conjures associations with fiery energies, as in the stoking of a furnace or the flames of hell. He seduces her as the serpent in
12、 Genesis seduced Eve. Alec does not try to hide his bad qualities.,“I suppose I am a bad fellowa damn bad fellow. I wasborn bad, and I have lived bad, and I shall die bad, in all probability.“,Alec dUrberville,He represents a larger moral principle rather than a real individual man. Like Satan, Alec
13、 symbolizes the base forces of life that drive a person away from moral perfection and greatness.,Angel Clare,a freethinking son born into the family of a provincial parsona rebellious striving toward a personal vision of goodness secularist 现世主义者，世俗主义者 work for the “honor and glory of man” a typica
14、l young nineteenth-century progressive He rejects the values handed to him, and sets off in search of his own.,Angel Clare,Angel is not quite of this world, but floats above it in a transcendent sphere of his own. his love for Tess may be abstract “Daughter of Nature“ or “Demeter“ Angels ideals of h
15、uman purity are too elevated to be applied to actual people.,It is not the angel who guides the human in this novel, but the human who instructs the angel, although at the cost of her own life.,Main Idea,Tess comes from a farmers family, the Durbeyfields. She has lived a poor but peaceful life. they
16、 are descended from the DUrbervilles. the girl comes in contact with the Stoke, DUrbervilles. There she meets Alec DUrbervilles, who shows off the estate and always seduces her. Being humiliated and resolute, Tess returns home, and gives birth to a baby who dies soon Tess has to leave home and goes
17、to work as a dairymaid at a distant farm, where she meets Angel Claire. They fall in love, but Angel abandon her.,Main idea,Alec DUrbervilles, the evil person appears again. He takes advantage of the Durbeyfields poverty and continues to tempt Tess. Angel Claire, who is remorseful for his mercilessn
18、ess, comes back, but to find the cruel reality. After Angel leaves, she stabs Alec in the heart and kills him. Then she follows Angel and escape with him They manage to hide for a while in a wood before they come to Stonehenge, where she is arrested. She is hanged later.,The plot of Chapter LVIII,Ch
19、apter LIX,The last paragraph,“Justice” was done, and the President of the Immortals (in Aeschylean phrase) had ended his sport with Tess. And the dUrberville knights and dames slept on in their tombs unknowing. The two speechless gazers bent themselves down to the earth, as if in prayer, and remaine
20、d there a long time, absolutely motionless: the flag continued to wave silently. As soon as they had strength they arose, joined hands again, and went on.“死刑”执行了，用埃斯库罗斯的话说，那个众神之王对苔丝的戏弄也就结束了。德贝维尔家的骑士和夫人们在坟墓里躺着，对这件事一无所知。那两个一言不发的观看的人，把身体躬到了地上，仿佛正在祈祷，他们就那样躬着，过了好久好久，一动也不动。黑旗继续不声不响地在风中飘着。他们等到有了力气，就站起来，又手拉
21、着手往前走,In the Greek tragedian Aeschylus Prometheus Bound, Prometheus dared to steal fire from the gods for the benefit of men, thus improving human life, but he was punished by eternal agony sent by the president of the gods. Aeschyluss view of that divine justice was ironicjust as Hardys justice is
22、placed in ironic quotation markssince it seemed deeply unjust to punish Prometheus so severely.,Analysis,Analysis,However, compared with Prometheuss brave deed, Tesss suffering seems simply a game or “sport” . It is hard to know whether Tess has brought any benefits to anyone. In any case, Hardy hin
23、ts that Tesss life may have a mythical and tragic importance like that of Prometheus, but it is up to us to judge how ironic this justice is, or what her lifes importance might be.,Analysis,Its tired and unimpassioned tone suggests the narrators weariness with the ways of the world, as if quite fami
24、liar with the fact that life always unfolds in this way. Nothing great is achieved by this finale: the two figures of Liza-Lu and Angel “went on” at the end, just as life itself will go on.,Tragedy,Society environment Law system Morality ethic Religion factor,Themes,Criticism of social conventions o
25、f Victorian England (ideas of social class as well as the sexual double standard) Naturalism as against the ache of modernism The injustice of existence;Men dominating women,Naturalism,Modernism is vague term referring to the art, poetry, literature, architecture, and philosophy of Europe and Americ
26、a in the early twentieth-century. In general, modernism is marked by the following characteristics:(1) the desire to break away from established traditions, (2) a quest to find fresh ways to view mans position or function in the universe, (3) experiments in form and style, particularly with fragment
27、ation-as opposed to the “organic“ theories of literary unity appearing in the Romantic and Victorian periods.,Modernism,Naturalism is a literary movement seeking to depict life as accurately as possible, without artificial distortions of emotion, idealism, and literary convention. The school of thou
28、ght is a product of post-Darwinian biology in the nineteenth century. It asserts that humanity is a higher order animal whose character and behavior are entirely determined by two kinds of forces, hereditary and environment. The individuals compulsive instincts toward sexuality, hunger, and accumulation of goods are inherited via genetic compulsion and the social and economic forces surrounding his or her upbringing. Naturalistic writers include Zola, Frank Norris, Stephen Crane, and Theodore Dreiser, who try to present their subjects with scientific objectivity,
